The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality is mother tongue, his wealth.

The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages ​​in the world, with the richest book and written tradition. What is the richness of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?

The richness of any language is determined primarily by the richness of the dictionary. The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. V. I. Dal included more than 200 thousand words in the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”, D. N. Ushakov in “ Dictionary Russian language” - about 90 thousand words.

What is a person's vocabulary? It is very difficult to answer this question unambiguously. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary modern man usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand different words, but according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. And now compare these data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21,000 words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and he used half of these words only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the brilliant poet. Let us give information about the number of words of some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand). Gogol - about 10 thousand words. And some people's vocabulary is extremely poor. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous “Twelve Chairs” ridiculed Ellochka, the “cannibal”, who managed only thirty words. These words were enough for her to talk with relatives, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not difficult to imagine what that fellowship was like.

The speaker needs to have a sufficient vocabulary to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock, to try to use the riches of the native language. The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic richness of the word, i.e. its ambiguity. Is it important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what is being said, what does the speaker mean?

Most often in speech one of the meanings is realized polysemantic word. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstand. However, polysemy can be used as a method of enriching the content of speech.

Of particular interest are cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors write about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense”, “The ruler fenced himself off from his people both figuratively and literally”, “The extreme right was the first to make an attempt to pocket the flag. To pocket not only figuratively, but also literally.

What could shake London in the literal and figurative sense? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. How could the ruler isolate himself from the people in the literal sense? He "barricaded his residence like a fortress." In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word pocket has only one figurative meaning - "to take possession of someone else's, to appropriate." The word has no other meaning. How can a party pocket a flag in the literal sense? The following text resolves the confusion. It turns out that members of the party wear star-striped handkerchiefs in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.

Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should know perfectly well the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings. Must be able to correlate, oppose not only words related to each other by various semantic, thematic, associative relations, but also different meanings one word.

Our language is very rich in synonyms, i.e. words that are close in meaning. Each of the synonyms, differing in a shade of meaning, singles out some one feature of the quality of an object, phenomenon or some sign of an action, and together the synonyms contribute to a deeper, more comprehensive description of the phenomena of reality.

Synonyms make speech more colorful, more diverse, help to avoid repetition of the same words, allow you to figuratively express an idea. For example, the concept of a large amount of something is conveyed by the words: many (apples), darkness (books), abyss (work), abyss (cases), cloud (mosquitoes), swarm (thoughts), ocean (smiles), sea (flags ), forest (pipes). All the above words, with the exception of the word many, create a figurative representation of a large number.

There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, i.e. have expression. So, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain a positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression.

The grammatical structure of the language is also distinguished by richness, flexibility and expressiveness. Let's take the view category as an example. Unlike the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of aspect indicates the way the action proceeds. So, in the aspect pair read - read the verbs characterize the action in different ways. The verb read (perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. The verb read (imperfective) indicates an action that is not limited.

It should be remembered: a gray speech filled with verbal clichés does not evoke the necessary associations in the minds of the listeners. It is unlikely that a person who abuses standard expressions can excite listeners, convince them of something, influence them. A stereotyped, hackneyed phrase bounces off the listeners, does not give them the opportunity to delve into the essence of the statement.

In addition, poor, linguistically poor speech is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, indicating his superficial knowledge, low speech culture, and insufficient vocabulary. But the main thing: poverty, dullness, monotony of language is associated with poverty, dullness and unoriginal thought.

You can talk about the wealth of the Russian language for a very long time, since it is simply inexhaustible. But for some reason, the inhabitants of the beautiful country of Russia often do not even think about how much wealth they have. It seems so familiar, ordinary, that it Everyday life they don't even pay attention.

Language as a means of communication between generations

It seems to many that in our time it is not necessary to study Russian, read books, write correctly. When communicating with each other, people use a huge number foreign words, jargon, some ragged, mutilated, sometimes obscene expressions.

It is impossible to underestimate the Russian language, since it is still the language of poets and prose writers, a means of passing on to subsequent generations the enormous cultural heritage of the people.

The richness of the language is an object of admiration for almost all educated people, Russians and foreigners. After all, there is no such flexibility, variety of verbal forms and their meanings, subtle shades of meaning, well-aimed and precise expressions in any language of the world!

The Russian language is so rich and diverse that even its native speaker cannot master even half of its vocabulary in a lifetime.

Secrets of the Russian language

The secret of the wealth of the Russian language lies not so much in the huge number of words recorded in the dictionary. But, rather, that each has an incredible number of forms that can be formed using all sorts of suffixes, prefixes and endings.

The richness of the language is just a sea of ​​synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homonyms. Its vocabulary has in its arsenal words to denote a wide variety of actions, feelings and their shades.

Phonetics is also very multifaceted: sounds are divided into voiced, deaf, sonorous, vowels, consonants. There are letters that do not designate any sound: soft and hard signs; letters denoting several sounds at once: e, u, i.

Among other things, the richness of the language is the ambiguity, the semantic richness of the word, the emotional coloring and the figurativeness of expressions.

Synonyms - salvation from monotony

The use of synonyms (words that are close in meaning) makes human speech much richer, more colorful, livelier, helping to express thoughts more accurately, while avoiding unnecessary repetitions.

Synonyms are words that have similar lexical meaning, with which you can convey the smallest details and shades, a positive or negative attitude to the described subject and make the conversation more interesting.

For this fantastic imagery and inexhaustible possibilities, the Russian language is called the greatest treasure of our national culture.

Proverbs and sayings

And the richness of the language is our well-aimed and accurate proverbs, sayings, that is, phraseology. With what subtle humor and irony they were created by our great people!

A proverb is a short, rhythmically organized, figurative saying that is stable in speech. Sayings are one of the most curious genres of folklore, which is carefully studied by literary critics, but still remains unsolved to the end.

These folk sayings reflect the figurative thinking, observation of the Russian person, his sharp mind, virtuoso command of the language and word. Proverbs and sayings are invented for all occasions, they are funny and sad, but always well-aimed and accurate, without unnecessary words and turns.

Thus, the rich, diverse, original and original Russian language allows each person to make his speech bright, beautiful, saturated with original comparisons and images, you just have to want and work a little: read the classics, remember and apply new words in your speech.

The richness of speech testifies to the erudition of the speaker, his high intelligence. The richness of an individual language makes it possible to diversify speech, give it accuracy and clarity, and avoid repetitions, both lexical and syntactic.

What determines the richness of a language, including the language of an individual?

The richness and diversity of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality of the native language, its richness, are.

The richness of any language lies in the richness of the vocabulary. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person does not exceed 7-8 thousand different words, according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. People in linguo-intensive professions, for example, teachers, politicians, lawyers, doctors, managers, need to have as much vocabulary as possible and constantly take care of replenishing it.

The richest source of replenishment of an individual vocabulary is synonymy. Synonyms attract the writer or speaker by the fact that, differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring, they allow one to formulate an idea with the utmost accuracy, to give speech a colloquial or bookish character, to express positive or negative expression. For example, the word "brave" has the following synonyms: brave, courageous, courageous, daring, fearless, fearless, fearless, valiant, heroic; heroic (colloquial); bold, fearless (high); cocky (set high); resolute (to making a decision); not timid (or not cowardly) ten, about two heads. There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, i.e. have expression. So words bliss, sumptuous, magnificent, undaunted, enchant contain positive expression, and words boltun, klutz, stupidity, daub characterized by negative expression.

The Russian language is unusually rich in figurative phraseology.

The phraseology of the Russian language is diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities. Phraseological units help to say a lot with a few words, since they define not only the subject, but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. The complexity of the semantics of phraseological units distinguishes them from one-word synonyms. Yes, a solid combination. on a widewhat leg means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in means”. Phraseologism cover updy means not just "destroy, eliminate something", but "eliminate, destroy what can serve as evidence in something."

Phraseologism is a stable expression with an independent meaning.

Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential ability to positively or negatively evaluate the phenomenon, express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking or other attitude towards him. Especially bright this is manifested in the so-called phraseological units-characteristics. For example: man with capital letter, milk on the lipsnot dry, telegraph pole, jack of all trades, butabsolute zero, wind in the head, bright personality, mindchamber, white crow, prodigal son, not a timid ten, sobaka in the hay, one field berry.

The richness of the dictionary and phraseology of the Russian language makes it possible to avoid the repetition of the same words, phrases in oral and written speech, to diversify speech, to make it richer.

There is a term in literature "paraphrase", or " peripherybehind". It means replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a descriptive phrase indicating one or more essential features of what is called. Some of the paraphrases over time, becoming widespread in the language, become stable combinations. For example, St. Petersburg, in addition to the actual names Petrograd, St. Petersburg, Leningrad called Northern Palmyra, a city on the Neva, the northern capital, the city (city) of Petra, a window to Europe. ABOUT The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence of proverbs and sayings in it. Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, proven by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “The proverb is not said in vain,” says folk wisdom. They express joy and sorrow, anger and sadness, love and hate, irony and humor. They generalize various phenomena the reality around us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts, proverbs and sayings acquire a special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help find a way to the heart of the listener, reader, win their respect and location.

A proverb is a short folk saying with instructive content, a folk aphorism.

A proverb is a short, stable expression, mostly figurative, which, unlike a proverb, does not constitute a complete statement.

The success of using proverbs in speech depends on how well they are chosen. No wonder it is said: "A good proverb is in harmony and in suit."

Today we have at our disposal a significant number of collections of folk sayings. Among them is the collection of V. I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people." Of particular interest are modern thematic collections of proverbs and sayings. Thus, the Shkola-Press publishing house published the educational dictionary Russian Proverbs and Sayings. Folk sayings in it are combined by topic: “Man”, “Life”, “Love, friendship, family”, “Prosperity”, “Trade”, etc. The dictionary “Russian proverbs, sayings and catchwords” by V.P. is also useful. Felitsyna, Yu. E. Prokhorov. It contains 450 most common proverbs, sayings and sayings in modern Russian. popular expressions.

Winged words are figurative, well-aimed expressions, sayings that have come into common use.

Along with proverbs and sayings, winged words testify to the richness of speech - these are well-aimed, figurative expressions that have become widespread and have become commonly used. They have been known since antiquity.

For example, Homer called "winged" words that quickly break from the speaker's mouth and fly to the listener's ear. As a rule, winged words and expressions are of book origin. These include famous quotes from fiction, scientific, journalistic literature, statements of famous people of the past and present: "his exampleGym Science"(Pushkin); "there is something to despair of come"(Griboyedov); Judas Golovlev(Saltykov-Shchedrin); "How whatever happens” (Chekhov); "like a squirrel in a wheel"(Krylov); "the best- enemy of good(Voltaire); "science young men pimelt, give joy to the elders "(Lomonosov); 'bout timena! about morals!(Cicero); "Choose the lesser of two evils"(Aristotle).

Interesting material about the history of popular expressions and words is contained in the book by N. S. Ashukin and M. G. Ashukina “Winged Words”.

What determines the richness of a language, including the language of an individual?

The richness of any language lies in the richness of the vocabulary. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person does not exceed 7-8 thousand different words, according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. People in linguo-intensive professions, for example, teachers, politicians, lawyers, doctors, managers, need to have as much vocabulary as possible and constantly take care of replenishing it.

The richest source of replenishment of an individual vocabulary is synonymy. Synonyms attract the writer or speaker by the fact that, differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring, they allow one to formulate an idea with the utmost accuracy, to give speech a colloquial or bookish character, to express positive or negative expression. For example, the word brave has the following synonyms: brave, courageous, courageous, daring, fearless, fearless, fearless, valiant, heroic; heroic (colloquial); daring, fearless (high); impudent (set high); resolute (in making a decision); not a timid (or cowardly) dozen, about two heads.

Words - "weeds" do not carry any semantic load, do not have information content. They not only clog speech, but also make it difficult to perceive, divert attention from the content of the statement. In addition, extra words psychologically affect the listeners, irritate them.

The expressiveness of speech enhances the effectiveness of the speech: a vivid speech arouses interest among listeners, maintains attention to the subject of conversation, and has an impact on the mind, feelings, and imagination of listeners. To make speech figurative, emotional, the speaker is helped by special artistic techniques, figurative and expressive means of the language, traditionally called tropes (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, etc.) and figures (antithesis, inversion, repetition, etc.), as well as proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions, winged words.

Tropes perform the following functions: they give speech emotionality (reflect a person’s personal view of the world, express assessments, feelings when comprehending the world); visibility (contribute to a visual reflection of the picture of the outside world, inner world person); contribute to the original reflection of reality (show objects and phenomena from a new, unexpected side); allow you to better understand the internal state of the speaker (writer); make speech attractive.

In order for the paths to perform these functions, improve the quality of speech, enhancing its influencing effect, it is necessary to take into account a number of requirements: 1) paths should not be far-fetched, unnatural (when the path is based on signs or concepts that are not combined in life, nature); 2) when comparing objects, it is necessary to preserve the “unity of the attribute”, it is impossible to switch from one attribute to another; 3) the features by which the comparison is carried out must be essential, characteristic; 4) trails must comply with the laws of the language.

If trails are used in an utterance in violation of these rules, the effectiveness of the message is reduced. So, for example, in the fragment of the advertising message “A bouquet of subtle odors, stimulating the effect of healing hair, domestic shampoos “Lavender”, “Natalie”, “Tenderness” ... a metaphor for a bouquet of subtle odors was used to name the main property of the advertised shampoos. The used metaphor does not clarify the real, significant features of the object, but displaces them, since the main thing in the shampoo is not the smell, but its quality, especially since further in the message it is said about the effect of healing the hair. In addition, the phrase “A bouquet of ... smells, a stimulating effect of healing ...” raises questions: do you need a healing effect or healing itself? can smell heal hair? can a bouquet heal hair? In this phrase, the compatibility of words is broken, which led to the absurdity of the statement.

Tropes are more common in artistic and journalistic speech, to a lesser extent they are characteristic scientific speech. In official business speech, the use of tropes is unacceptable. In colloquial speech, common language tropes are more often used; the use of original, author's tropes depends on the personality of the speaker, the topic of conversation, the situation of communication.

Figures of speech - special forms syntactic constructions that enhance the impact of speech on the addressee. Experts distinguish three groups of figures: 1. Figures based on the ratio of the meanings of words: antithesis (a turn in which the meanings of words are sharply contrasted: “Where the table was food, there is a coffin” (G. Derzhavin), gradation (the arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one contains an increase or decrease in meanings: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry (S. Yesenin), inversion (arrangement of words that violates the usual order: Our amazing people (I. Ehrenburg), ellipsis (omission of any implied member: Everyone said later: Borya did not enter because the anti-Semites, and Misha did not enter because he was a fool.(A. Bondar) 2. Figures based on the repetition of identical elements: anaphora (repetition of identical words at the beginning of a sentence), epiphora (repetition separate words or turns at the end of a sentence), parallelism (the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences), period (a rhythmic-melodic construction in which the thought and intonation gradually increase, reach the top, the theme gets its resolution, after which the intonational tension decreases). 3. Figures based on the expression of rhetorical address to the reader or listener: appeal, question, exclamation.

However, in my opinion, they do not exhaust the whole variety. means of expression native speech. Resorting to them, one should not forget that all these “flowers of eloquence”, as the prominent master of Russian judicial eloquence P.S. Porokhovshchikov are good only when they seem unexpected to the listener. They cannot, and do not need to be memorized, they can only be absorbed into oneself along with folk speech, developing and improving speech culture, speech taste and flair.

L.N. spoke well about the need to monitor the accuracy of expressing one's thoughts. Tolstoy: “The only means of mental communication of people is the word, and in order for this communication to be possible, it is necessary to use words in such a way that with each word, corresponding and exact concepts will undoubtedly be evoked by everyone.”

The richness of diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality of the native language is, its richness.

The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages ​​in the world, with the richest book and written tradition. We find many beautiful words about the Russian language in the works, articles, letters, speeches of progressive public and politicians, prominent writers and poets:

It should not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language (A. S. Pushkin).

You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves and, really, there is another name for the most precious thing itself (N.V. Gogol).

You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the vagueness of sleep, the heavy rumble of thunder, the whisper of children and the rustle of sea gravel. There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - the day of which there would be no exact expression in our language (K.G. Paustovsky).

What is the richness of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?

The richness of any language is determined primarily by the richness of the dictionary. K.G. Paustovsky noted that for everything that exists in nature - water, air, clouds, the sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and herbs - in the Russian language there is a great variety good words and titles.

The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. IN AND. Dahl included more than 200 thousand words in the Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. D.N. Ushakov in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - about 90 thousand words.

And what should be the vocabulary of one person? It is very difficult to answer this question unambiguously. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand different words; according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. Let's compare these data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21 thousand words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and half of these words occur in him only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the brilliant poet. Let us give information about the number of words of some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18,890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand), Gogol ("Dead Souls") - about 10 thousand words.

And some people's vocabulary is extremely poor. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous “Twelve Chairs” ridiculed Ellochka, the “cannibal”, who managed only thirty words.

Here are the words, phrases and interjections, meticulously chosen by her from all the great, verbose and powerful Russian language:

1. Be rude.

2. Ho-ho! (Expresses, depending on the circumstances: irony, surprise, delight, hatred, joy, contempt and satisfaction).

3. Famous.

4. Gloomy (in relation to everything. For example: “gloomy Petya has come”, “gloomy weather”, “gloomy event”, “gloomy cat”, etc.).

6. Horror (creepy. For example, when meeting with a good friend: "creepy meeting").

7. Boy (in relation to all familiar men, regardless of age and social status).

8. Don't teach me how to live.

These words were enough for her to talk with relatives, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not difficult to imagine what that fellowship was like.

The speaker needs to have as much vocabulary as possible in order to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock.

This is not difficult to do. You just have to start compiling a “Language Enrichment Dictionary”. When you read a book, magazine, newspaper, pay attention to the words and write each unfamiliar word or word, the meaning of which you can only guess, on a card. Then on the reverse side, using an explanatory dictionary, write the meaning of the word. Number the cards so you know the number of words that enrich your vocabulary. Cards should be stored in a filing cabinet. When 10-20 words are typed, start testing your memory. Pull out a card, read the word and explain its meaning. As you accumulate cards, divide them into two groups: 1) cards with well-learned words; 2) cards with words that require more memorization. The card index must be constantly updated with new words; cards with learned words are transferred to the second part of the box. From time to time, you should return to them, arrange a control check: what if they forgot some word. You need to work with the card index of the “Language Enrichment Dictionary” constantly.

The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic richness of the word, i.e., its ambiguity. Polysemy requires a thoughtful attitude to the word. Is it important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what is being said, what does the speaker mean?

As a rule, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstand.

Polysemy can be used as a method of enriching the content of speech. So, for example, Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote the book "Native Land" for youth. At the word Earth eight values. In which of them is it used in the title? The author gives an answer to this question in the preface: “I called my book “Native Land”. Word Earth in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in the Tale of Igor's Campaign), and the whole Earth. In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses. That's how capacious the content of the title has become, how much it says!

Of particular interest are cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors write about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense”; “The far right was the first to make an attempt to pocket the flag. To pocket not only figuratively, but also literally.

What could shake London in the literal and figurative sense? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word pocket only a figurative meaning is noted - “to take possession of something else, to appropriate”. The word has no other meaning ixet. How can a party pocket a flag in the literal sense? The following text resolves the confusion. It turns out that members of the party wear star-striped handkerchiefs in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.

Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should know perfectly well the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings.

An important source of speech enrichment is synonymy.

Our language is very rich in synonyms - words that have a common meaning and differ in additional shades or stylistic coloring. For example, adjectives are used to denote something small in size in speech: small, small, small, tiny, diminutive, microscopic and large in size big, huge, gigantic, gigantic, gigantic, colossal. Something simple is called simple, unsophisticated, unpretentious, uncomplicated, unsophisticated, unsophisticated, primitive, elementary. The Russian language is also rich in synonymous verbs. For example, words be afraid, fear, fear, dread, tremble, be afraid, be frightened are united by the common meaning "to experience fear", and the verbs squander, squander, spend, squander, spend, spend, spend, squander, squander, squander, squander means "to give for something the available money or in general any values."

What is the feature of synonyms? What do you need to know about them in order to use them with great effect in your speech? First of all, to be able to find words that are synonymous with each other, to be able to penetrate into the depths of the word, to understand how synonyms differ.

Task 64. Choose from proverbs words that are synonymous with each other, and write them.

1. A stupid person is looking for a large place, but a reasonable one can be seen in the corner. 2. It is better to drink water in joy than honey in a torment. 3. The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly. 4. A smart man lacks ears, and a stupid one has more than one tongue. 5. Grief makes you old, but joy makes you younger. 6. Curls curl from joy, and split from sadness. 7. To the brave to sip peas, but not to see the radish for the timid. 7. Woe in rags, trouble naked, 9. As soon as it comes to attack, at least the abyss, 10. From a fool and crying with laughter rushing. 11, I thought of her, I didn’t guess how he got into trouble, 12. Famously he doesn’t lie quietly: either he rolls, or falls, or crumbles over his shoulders.

What other words of proverbs can you find synonyms for? Write them.

Task 65. Choose synonyms for words kind, short, beautiful.

Task 66. Using the synonyms given in the sentences, make a synonymous series with the meaning "very hot, very warm."

1. Hot summer day. The river has frozen (Mamin-Sibiryak). 2. The hot summer day was quickly replaced by the coolness of an impending thunderstorm. (Mamin-Sibiryak). 3. Hot heat; you can't go out; a burning stream pours freely through the open windows (Turgenev). 4. The sun stood in the sky and flooded the earth with scorching rays (V.K. Arseniev).

Describe a July day using these synonyms.

Task 67. What words should be excluded from the synonymic series and why?

1. Teacher, educator, historian, lecturer, mathematician. 2. Surgeon, doctor, doctor, paramedic, doctor, therapist. 3. Again, again, back, again. 4. Approximately, about, somewhere, in the area, approximately. 5. Run, walk, fly, rush, rush, walk. 6. Storm, snowfall, hurricane.

Task 68. Prove that the words again And sbrztno not synonyms. Choose synonyms for each of them and come up with sentences with them.

Task 69. Read dictionary entries from the two-volume Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language. Tell us how they are built, what attention is drawn to when characterizing each synonym. Explain why the words obstacle, barrier belong to different sets of synonyms.

1. obstacle, barrier.

That which blocks the path of someone, smth., delays the movement.

After about ten steps, an obstacle came up - a fence. Having found a hole, squeezed into it (G. Markov, Strogoffs, Prince. 2, ch. 13:4). Crushing against gloomy barriers, / With a pearly, fiery arc / Falling, splashing waterfalls (Pushkin, Ruslan and Lyudmila, song 2).

2. obstruction, obstruction, hindrance(colloquial), comma(colloquial), quotation mark(sorry hitch(simple).

That which complicates, complicates something, hinders the accomplishment, implementation of something. Obstruction is the main word for expressing meaning; the word barrier is used. in literary and book speech; obstacle - a bookish, obsolete word; hindrance more often used. in cases where we are talking about some more or less insignificant obstacle; brake - something that delays, slows down the implementation of smth., this word is more often used. in combinations to be, to serve as a brake; snag, comma, quotation mark, quotation mark - a small but annoying obstacle, these words are used. in everyday speech, and the hitch and the comma are used. advantage in combinations that's the catch (comma), that's the catch (comma)

<...>On the way to any goal there are many obstacles. By overcoming these obstacles, a person is happy (Matveev, Seventeenth Anniversary, Part I, Discussion).<...>After several years of hard life, all obstacles were overcome, and his wishes came true: he became a lawyer (Novikov-Priboy, Tsushima, book. I, h, 4),<...>In this mood, the field marshal, naturally, seemed only an obstacle and a brake on the upcoming war. (L. Tolstoy, War and peace, vol. 4, part 4, XI).<…>- So they can send you from here too! - No! - Genka lowered his voice: - There is one snag here. I finished the fourth grade this year, got it? - Well? - And you need a seven-year period, understand? (Oseeva, Vasek Trubachev and his comrades, Prince. 2, ch. 5). - Then, sir: some scenes of "Marriage", Here is a little quote: actors a lot - current writers generally love the crowd, which is possible only in large troupes (Pismsky, Comedian, I). Now I’ve gotten used to it, / but for the first two or three days / a lot of different hitches / fell on me / ( WITH. Vasiliev, The story of a young miner).

Synonyms attract the writer or speaker by the fact that they, differing in shades of meanings, allow expressing an idea with the utmost accuracy.

Compare, for example, synonyms run away And rush. The clouds fled to our village ... So they flew to the pine forest, crossed the ravine and rushed on(V. Kozlov). It is clear that the verb rush compared to its synonymous verb run away indicates a greater intensity of action, a greater speed of movement. Therefore, we can say that the verbs used in the text run away And rush allowed the author to clarify the nature of the action, to emphasize the intensity of its manifestation.

There are many such examples among synonyms: (bonfire) burned -(bonfire) glowing, fast(step) - impetuous(step), anxiety - confusion, hot(air) - sultry(air), etc.

Synonyms in this case perform differentiating function, or ideographic. Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning are called ideographic.

Words also differ in volume of meaning. writer, writer. Writer called a person who writes works of art, and writer- not only a writer, but also a publicist, critic,

Task 70. From the names of the colors, first write down the names of the red color and its shades, and then the names of other colors.

Red, scarlet, raspberry, burgundy, brown, brown, ore, carmine, red, orange, fiery, lilac, crimson, cobalt, pink, scarlet, bloody, brick, poppy, coral, strawberry, ruddy, ruddy, carrot, red, pomegranate, hazel, ruby, walnut, chestnut, sandy, mahogany, cherry, plum, cutters, orange, lilac, crimson, cyanotic, crimson, cinnabar.

Determine the semantic differences in the names of red. Compare your definitions with the interpretations given in the Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language.

Red, scarlet, crimson, ruddy, bloody, red; carmine, cinnabar, ruby ​​​​and ruby, pomegranate, pure, scarlet.

Red- one of the main colors of the spectrum, intermediate between orange to purple, having the color of blood; scarlet, crimson And ginger serve to designate a bright, saturated red color, with scarlet for a lighter tone, and crimson for a darker one; in the modern language of the word scarlet crimson And ginger characteristic of literary and bookish speech, crimson And ginger use less often; word bloody use advantage in literary speech, to emphasize the sharpness and gloomy nature of the red tone; red-brown- bright red, reminiscent of the color of kumach; words carmine, cinnabar And scarlet denote shades of red corresponding to these colors, and use. advantage in special speech, the word scarlet somewhat outdated; ruby And ruby- ruby ​​color, words used. to denote a bright red color usually associated with liquids, glass, etc.; pomegranate- thick red, reminiscent of the color of pomegranate, the word is used. usually when describing the color of fabrics, more often velvet; word red in modern, the language has an outdated connotation to the use. advantage in poetic, literary and bookish speech.

In addition to the differentiating function, synonyms can perform stylistic function, i.e., to give speech a colloquial or bookish character, to express positive or negative expression. Synonyms that differ from each other in stylistic coloring are called stylistic.

Words that have a tinge of bookishness are found in a scientific, business, journalistic style, for example: sorrow(compare with the neutral word sadness), intelligence(cf. mind),Kara(cf. punishment), promote(cf. to help).

Words with a touch of colloquialism are used mainly in casual, colloquial speech. For example, unlike neutral words get sick, complain, find, which can be used in any style, words get sick, cry, dig permissible only in colloquial speech, the same can be said about the words awkward(cf. ridiculous),dress up(cf. dress up),at all(cf. at all),instantly(cf. instantly). Colloquial vocabulary, unlike colloquial, does not violate the generally accepted norms of the literary language. Wed examples: beat(neutral) - pound(colloquial) - peel(colloquial).

In some cases, synonyms simultaneously differ in shades of meaning and stylistic coloring. For example, synonymous adjectives interesting And amusing differ in shades of meaning: the word interesting used in the sense of "exciting attention with something significant", and amusing -"exciting only external interest." Besides, interesting - the word is stylistically neutral, and amusing - colloquial.

From a number of synonyms with the meaning "to direct, direct the gaze at someone, something, somewhere" watch, stare, stare, stare, gaze are neutral look And look, In contrast, the verb look emphasizes the duration, calmness, attentiveness of the gaze and has a bookish character. Words stare, stare mean “look closely, for a long time” and differ from the words synonymous with their rudeness, therefore they are inappropriate in book styles.

Task 71. Given the different meanings of the words acute, old, find synonyms for them.

1. Spicy --“having a form tapering towards the end (about objects, structures, etc.); elongated, very narrow the form of something., about parts of the face, body).

2. Spicy -"well perceiving, distinctly distinguishing sounds and smells (about hearing, smell)".

3. Spicy -"extremely strong, difficult to bear (about physical pain, a heavy feeling, etc.)".

1. Old -"who has reached old age, who has lived for many years."

2. Old -“Long used (about things, objects)”.

Task 72. Read the sentences below using the correct word instead of dots. (teacher, lecturer).

1. In higher educational institutions lectures are given by professors, associate professors, ... 2. The guys were very fond of their ... 3. It's hard to forget ... who showed us for the first time how to read and write. 4. They were invited to the evening ... primary school and... physics, chemistry, mathematics. 5. Lesha Vostrikov was ill for a long time, and he had to additionally deal with ...

Task 73. Find in the text synonyms that mean "small in size". Write them down, taking into account the degree of increase of the attribute. What type of synonyms are they?

1. Small, remote, passed through the earth, found a little red cap (Mystery). 2. We love lilies of the valley very much. Their white, pure flowers, like tiny porcelain bells, smell so delicate! (Sokolov-Mikitov). 3. They took out the pot and fraternally shared a microscopic amount of porridge (Korolenko).

Task 74. Correct the text by replacing, where necessary, the underlined words with synonyms: sticky, sticky, viscous; wet, moist, damp; stoop, stoop, stoop.

1. The young birch was covered sticky leaves. 2. Fragrant sticky brown poplar buds. 3. Bought sticky fly paper. 4. Against but champed under the boots sticky clay. 5. The old man had difficulty pulling out viscous mud his long pole, all tangled with green threads of underwater grasses. 6. If salt is close to water, then it becomes wet. 7. Near the fountain, spraying thin streams of water, the air was wet. 8. After a heavy rain, the trees in the garden became wet. 9. In the summer, in the midst of the midday heat, in the depths of this forest, coolness was felt, it smelled raw earth, and the foot got stuck in piles of rotten and also raw foliage. 10. Reed flowers with beautiful tassels bent down to the water. 11. Big wagon tilted to the edge of the bridge, tumbled over the railing and collapsed, 12. Brig suddenly shuddered and bent down to starboard.

Task 75. Distribute the synonyms below, taking into account their stylistic coloring, into three columns of the table.

Many, many, lots; bold, dashing, fearless; really, truly, indeed; forbid, forbid, order; walk, walk, trudge; stubborn, stubborn, persist; learn, study, cramming. Sample:

Task 76. Find synonyms in each passage and determine their stylistic coloring.

1. He shakes his hand, even as the bones crunched.

All in the corns sons paw (Helemsky).

2. And we happened to be surprised

Seeing one day

Not strict faces, but faces

Your tortured children (Smelyakov).

3. I carry my heart

like a banner

Like the banner of the working people .

Task 77. Read information about synonyms ask, beg, plead, plead, plead from " Concise Dictionary synonyms of the Russian language "V.I. Keyword:

These words are united by the meaning - to contact someone with a request. The most common of these is the word ask. Beg- urgently ask. Cry(book poetic) - to make a request, a prayer. intercede(word of official style) - to ask for some business, to fuss about something. begging(colloquial) - to ask persistently, relentlessly.

Make sentences with each of these synonyms, taking into account their shades of meaning and stylistic coloring. In what sentences composed by you, the mutual replacement of synonyms is impossible and why?

The richness of synonyms in the Russian language, the possibility of their diverse stylistic use obliges each speaker or writer to be especially thoughtful in the choice of words. Compare for an example sentence: A sentry walks along the Kremlin wall And A sentry walks along the Kremlin wall. In the first example, the sharpness of the step, the solemnity of the situation are emphasized, the second sentence does not express this. So, it is not indifferent which synonym to use in speech: go or step.

If it is necessary to highlight the semantic or stylistic differences that the words of the same synonymous series contain, then the technique is used synonym oppositions.

K.S. Stanislavsky resorted to this technique, speaking out against the artificial manner of the actors' play:

To begin at least with the solemnly measured steps of the actors. After all, they are not walk, A parade on stage, not sit and rise Not lie and lie down Not stand, A posing. The same thing happened with the movements, and with the general acting plasticity ... Razke actors raise hands on stage No. They them uplift. Actor's hands fall down, and not easy descend; they are not cuddle up to the chest and are assigned on her, not straighten and stretch forward. It seems that the actors hands and hands Not fingers, and fingers, to such an extent their movements are figuratively solemn.

We find the opposition of synonyms in the works of oral folk art. Here, for example, is how the difference between stinginess and greed, slander and lies in proverbs is revealed: Stingy looks like not to give to another, but greedy looks as if to take away from another. Slander And lie not one and the same. Lie sometimes it’s simple, but slander always with intent.

The technique of opposing synonyms is sometimes used to emphasize not differences, but, on the contrary, proximity, almost the sameness of phenomena. Compare, for example, in a poem by M. Svetlov:

I don't know where the border is

Between north and south;

I don't know where the border is

Between comrade And friend.

Another way to use synonyms is to parallel use. Each of the synonyms, differing in shades of meaning, emphasizes, highlights one particular feature of an object, phenomenon, and in the aggregate, the synonyms contribute to a more vivid and comprehensive description of reality. For example, the poet Y. Helemsky created a figurative picture of a winter landscape, using the synonyms blaze, burn:

Snowdrifts turn pink

Under the rays of dawn

blaze rowan,

AND are burning bullfinches.

When using synonyms that indicate varying degrees manifestations of a trait, they are usually placed in ascending order of the trait expressed by them. For example, synonyms good, excellent, excellent used in this order: You played well today, excellent, excellent!

In artistic, journalistic works, the technique " stringing» synonyms. It consists in listing all or several words of one synonymous series. For example: And life seemed to him delightful, miraculous and full, high meaning (Chekhov). I sometimes imagined what I see in front of me huge, gigantic spider, the size of a man (Dostoevsky). And I realized that I would not break my oath, / but if I wanted to break it, I could not. / That I never I'll throw off, Not strushu, / Not sdreyflu, Not I'll lie and not lie(Slutsky).

The presence of a large number of synonyms in the language makes it possible to avoid the repetition of the same or cognate words. Wed: Our forces are strong And Our forces are powerful.

Task 78. Find examples of juxtaposition of synonyms in the following excerpts from fiction. Establish differences in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring of these synonyms.

1. I could have done more, but it was in a hurry,

However, cherish those

What happened, lied for a laugh,

Never lied for lies (Twardowski).

2. Cloudy white robes

Opening with an unshakable hand,

For the first time

Not with faith

And with hope

The human race looks up to the sky,

Doesn't look, doesn't look, but

How his rockets illuminate

Break out of the darkness

Heaven's backwater corners (Slutsky).

3. Cold soft-boiled eggs - the food is very tasteless, and a good cheerful person will never eat them. But Alexander Ivanovich did not eat, but ate. He did not have breakfast, but made the process of introducing the proper amount of fats, carbohydrates and vitamins into the body. (Ilf, Petrov). 4. The footman Baklai taught the boys “bee language”, sometimes dragging his hair, saying: “And you, man, know: I give you, and the master deigns to favor you; you eat, and the master deigns to eat; you sleep, puppy, and the master deigns to rest" (Herzen),

Task 79. Find in the text from the poem "Frost, Red Nose" H, A. Nekrasov verbs-synonyms. Set the shades of the meanings of these words. Explain why the poet uses them.

Murdered, mournful couple,

Mother and father walked ahead.

Both guys with the dead

They sat, not daring to cry.

And, ruling Savraska, at the tomb

With the reins of their poor mother

For Daria - neighbors, neighbors

There was a sparse crowd.

Task 80. In excerpts from A. Rybakov's book "The Adventures of Krosh" find synonyms. Determine which group of synonyms they should be assigned to. Explain why the author used synonyms in each individual case.

1. As always, a lot of people crowded around our car. Even Lagutin came up several times. But he was not looking at the car, but at me. And Shmakov Petr drew attention to this.

Why is he staring at you? Shmakov said.

I didn't know why Lagutin was staring at me. I didn't have it before...

Only towards the end of the day did I feel somewhat uneasy from Lagutin's stubborn gaze. Really, why is he staring at me?

2. The attitude towards us was the most indifferent. Even indifferent.

3. Why is it so? No matter how stupid Igor says, everyone agrees with him. And when I speak, an incredulous expression appears on the faces, as if nothing but nonsense can be expected from me.

4. When we bosh li, they fell silent and stared at us. We looked at them.

5. There are moments of mass psychosis, when the whole class starts laughing, yelling, doing all sorts of things for no reason. That moment has come for them.

Quite a laugh! - I said.

But they cackled like crazy.

The Russian language has the richest word-formation possibilities.

The dictionary of the Russian language is constantly enriched with new words. If the Russian language is compared with other languages, then it compares favorably in the variety and number of ways in which new words are formed. They are created with the help of prefixes, suffixes, alternating sounds at the root, adding two or more bases, by rethinking (link, satellite), splitting words into homonyms (month - moon and month - a period of time) to etc. The most productive is the morphological method of formation, with the help of which dozens of new words are created from the same root. Yes, from the root account- words formed: teacher, study, learn, teach, teach, relearn, memorize, accustom, teach, teaching, scholarship, student, apprenticeship, scientist, teacher, educational, scientific and others. According to the "Derivational Dictionary of the Russian Language" A.N. Tikhonov, the word-formation nest with this root includes more than 300 words.

Task 81. Read excerpts from the works of M. V. Lomonosov and N. G. Chernyshevsky. What is common in their statements about word formation in Russian?

Magnifying names, representing a huge thing, are produced by the abolition of the ending of the root name among Russians and Italians: casa,casaccia,casone, courtyard, courtyard, courtyard. On the contrary, the Germans and the French do not have such names. Likewise derogatory names like patio, dress, girl Not every language has different contentment. Russian and Italian are very rich in them, German is poor, French is even poorer (M. V, Lomonosov. Russian grammar).

There are a lot of diminutive endings in Latin; but there are almost absolutely no magnifying ones (muzhichische, etc.). In Greek, there is still much less than in Latin, they will reduce, they will say. names; but on the other hand there are diminutive proper names, however, rather uncommon, and almost in the past sense only, in German only one ending for reduction (words that take chen cannot be lein, and vice versa), In English, it will reduce, only proper names, names; in French also, and this form occurs in both languages ​​almost always only one for each name. We have many of these forms.

Our diminutives from common nouns have, in addition to the meaning of reduction, also the meaning of affection or tenderness - this connotation can take diminutive nouns in almost only one Italian, which of all the languages ​​known to us, only one can withstand to some extent rivalry with Russian in the formation of diminutives and magnifiers ( having the endings of both categories, but with much less variety than Russian).

It must be said that the folk (Great Russian) language is superior to the literary language in this respect; and that the folk Little Russian is even richer than the folk Great Russian in the variety and use of diminutives.

In addition to proper nouns, diminutive endings in the Russian folk language also accept indeclinable parts of speech (for example, es?(what?) - asinka, from here - here, etc.) (H.G. Chernyshevsky. Word formation in Russian).

What is the meaning of Chernyshevsky's use of the term ending! Formulate the main provisions expressed by Chernyshevsky.

Task 82. Using the given words, make a list of diminutive suffixes for masculine, neuter, feminine nouns.

Voice, leaf, twig, shoulder, stove, beard, worker: wheel, peg, loaf, girl, girl, girl, firebrand, nanny, skate, frost, voice, cloud, letter, daughter, shirt, fish, little room, little face, pimple, freak, cart, worker, hut, hut, night, little man, testicle, little hand, daughter, little room, village, mouth, leaf, head, horse, hour, small river, cow, sister, girlfriend, apple, little sparrow, little book, dimple, old woman, head, eyes, needle, nag, dove, leg, skirt, willow, droplet, fur coat, countrywoman, pen, cow, water, river, river, river, river.

Task 83. From the words of kinship, form names with diminutive, magnifying, affectionate, derogatory suffixes.

Grandfather, grandmother, mother, father, brother, sister, aunt, uncle,

Task 84. Get to know the diminutive forms of your own name Lyudmila. How are they educated? What are the options for this name?

Ludmila, Lyuda, Ludaka, Lyudakha, Lyudasha, Lyudashenka, Lyudashechka, Lyudashka, Lyudyenko, Lyudik, Lyudka, Lyudmilka, Lyudmilonka, Lyudmilochka, Lyudmilushka, Lyudok, Lyudonka, Lyudochek, Lyudochka, Lyudusenka, Lyudusechka, Lyuduska, Ludusya, Lyudukha, Lyudusha, Lyudushka, Lyudushka, Lyudushka, Lyudushka.

Luke, Lukonka, Lukochka, Luksha.

Lulenka, Lulechka, Lulik, Lyulka, Lyulya.

Lyusek, Lyusyonka, Lyueyonok.

Lusya, Lyusenka, Lyusechka, Lyusik, Lyueisha, Lyusksh-ka, Lyuska, Lyusyukha, Lyusyusha, Lyusyushenka, Lyusyush-ka, Lyusyuka, Lyusyavka.

(N.A. Petrovsky. Dictionary of Russian personal names).

Task 85. Write diminutive forms on behalf of Ivan.

Richness, flexibility and expressiveness differs and grammatical structure of the language. Let's take the view category as an example. Unlike the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of aspect indicates the way the action proceeds. So, in the species pair read - read verbs characterize action in different ways. Verb read(perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. Verb read(imperfective) indicates an action that is not limited.

In addition, the prefix formation of verbs is very developed in Russian, as a result of which verbs of the same root acquire a variety of meanings.

Task 86. From the verbs below, write out: 1) multi-species pairs; 2) synonymous verbs; 3) antonymous verbs. Explain what shade of meaning each prefix gives to the verb.

swim

Task 87. What is the semantic difference between the verbs?

Swim - swim, swim - swim, swim - swim, swim - swim, blur - melt, swim - swim - swim.

Task 83. Read an excerpt from an article by V.G. Belinsky. Do you agree with the critic's opinion that "this is all one verb" and that the semantic difference is due to the presence of the aspect category in the Russian verb? Argument your point of view.

Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have views! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, melt, swim, swim, swim - it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!

steppe

Far around

Lies wide

feather grass

Spreads!

Oh you, my steppe,

The steppe is free,

You are wide, steppe,

Spread out

To the Black Sea

Moved up!

In what other language would you convey the poetic charm of these expressions of the late Koltsov about the steppe: spreads, spreads, moves forward?

Task 89. Read the statements of V. Bryusov. What does he see as a peculiarity of the Russian verb?

The strength of the Russian verb lies in what school grammarians call species. Let's take four verbs of the same root: become, put, stand, become. From them with the help of attachments before-, at-, for-, from- and others, inflections of "recurrence" and suffixes of "multipleness" can form about 300 verbs, which in essence will be, according to grammar, different "kinds" of the same thing. No modern language can translate all the shades of meaning that are obtained in this way.<...>

How, for example, to convey in French the difference between: "I rearranged the chairs", "I rearranged them", "I rearranged them", "rearranged", "rearranged"?

Compare this statement with what V.G. Belinsky about the verb in Russian. How do their opinions coincide?

Task 90. Divide the following verbs into groups, taking into account their meaning: 1) move slowly, with difficulty; 2) walk back and forth; 3) walk without a goal; 4) walk for the purpose of rest; 5) walk in an unfamiliar place; 6) to perform an action fast, impetuous.

Throw, rush, crawl, loiter, dangle, walk, walk, trudge, drag, rush, roam, roam, push, roam, travel, rush, stretch, ventilate, stagger, wander, snoop, trudge.

Not only the number of words, their ambiguity, synonymy, word-formation and grammatical features of the Russian language, but also phraseology testify to its originality, originality and richness.

The phraseology of the Russian language is unusually diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities. Phraseological units help to say a lot with a few words, since they determine not only the subject; but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. The complexity of the semantics of phraseological units distinguishes them from one-word synonyms. Yes, a solid combination. wide leg means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in means”. Phraseologism cover their tracks means not just "destroy, eliminate something", but "eliminate, destroy what can serve as evidence in something."

Task 91. Explain how phraseological units differ from synonymous words? What additional shades does each phraseological unit express?

bend your back(for whom) - and work (for whom), in two bills - in the blink of an eye - in an instant - in full swing and fast, even if you gouge out your eyes - you can’t see a zgi and dark at the end of the world - where the raven did not wear bones and far away cheat and deceive skin and bones - living relics - more beautifully put in a coffin and skinny, thin, lather head - set pepper - set heat - rub with sand and scold.

Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential ability to evaluate phenomena positively or negatively, express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking, or a different attitude towards it. This is especially evident in the so-called phraseological units-characteristics.

Task 92. Explain the meaning of phraseological units.

A man with a capital letter, milk on his lips has not dried up, a telegraph pole, a jack of all trades, an absolute zero, a wind in his head, a bright personality, a mind chamber, a white crow, a prodigal son, not a timid ten, a dog in the hay, a single berry.

Phraseological units deserve special attention, the evaluation of which is due to their origin. Indeed, in order to understand the accusatory nature of a phraseological unit, for example scapegoat, you need to know the history of the emergence of a set phrase.

Expression scapegoat is found in the Bible and is associated with a special rite among the ancient Jews to lay the sins of the whole people on a living goat, which is why they call a person who is blamed for someone else's guilt, who is responsible for others.

Phraseologisms, originating from ancient mythology, are quite diverse. Each such phraseological unit evokes some associations, correlates with the images of the heroes of antiquity, which determines their semantic richness and expressiveness.

Yes, idiom Procrustean bed comes from the nickname of the robber Polypemon. IN Greek mythology it is said that Procrustes laid all those he caught on his bed and cut off the legs of those who did not fit, and stretched out the legs of those for whom the bed was long. Procrustean bed means "that which is a measure for something, to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted."

Ancient phraseological units serve as an excellent means for conveying the author's irony, ridicule.

Task 93. Explain the origin and meaning of the given phraseological units. Make up sentences with them and write them down.

The exploits of Hercules, Sisyphean labor, Pandora's box, Pyrrhic victory, Babylonian pandemonium.

Of particular interest are phraseological units, the figurativeness of which acts as a reflection of visibility, "pictures", enclosed in the freest phrase, on the basis of which a phraseological unit is formed. For example, when preparing for work, we roll up our sleeves to make it easier to do the job; meeting dear guests, we spread our arms wide, showing that we are ready to wrap them in our arms; when counting, if it is small, for convenience, we bend our fingers. Free phrases naming such actions of people have visibility, "pictures", which "by inheritance" is transmitted to phraseological units: roll up sleeves"diligently, diligently, vigorously to do something"; with open arms -“friendly, cordial (to receive, meet someone)”; count on fingers"very little, little."

Task 94. Choose five phraseological units with a common word for them: head, nose, arm, legs.

Task 95. Answer the questions. Use a phraseological expression as an answer.

As they say: 1) about someone who often changes his mind; 2) about a person who came at the wrong time, out of place; 3) about a meek, harmless person; 4) about a talkative person; 5) about the disappearance of someone without a trace; 6) about very distant relatives; 7) about disorder, confusion reigning somewhere; 8) about who does not know anything known to everyone?

Task 96. Find speech errors in the use of phraseological units (unjustified replacement of the components of a phraseological unit, unmotivated expansion or reduction of its composition, change in the grammatical form of words in a phraseological unit); fix the text.

1. Without further ado, I will quote from the report. 2. We worked in the sweat of our faces, but, having completed the work, we felt relieved, 3. Although he was not from a timid dozen, he could not help but be frightened.

Task 97. Continue the conversation below in writing, using phraseological units in remarks. Write a dialogue that is opposite in content.

What did you do yesterday? - Nothing, they scratched their tongues, - And we beat the buckets all day, poured from empty to empty. Was Vasily with you? - Was. He told how his father lathered his neck, He counts the raven in the lessons, and drives the loafer at home.

Task 98. Explain what is the meaning of the "Zoological Elegy" and what is it based on? Write out from the text words, combinations of words taken from set phrases, popular expressions. Write these phraseological units, explain their meaning.

I was in an enchanted world

In distant magical lands.

He swims in the fabulous sea

On three legendary whales.

There the song of the swan is pouring,

There ugly duck lives,

They are looking for lost sheep

Baranov at the new gate.

There is a blue bird

Cancer whistles like a robber,

There they bark at nine dog-knights

Uncut ten dogs.

The camel is there in the eye of the needle

Climb honors for labor

And in the skins of sheep there are wolves

Scapegoats are being pulled.

There are crocodile tears,

There crayfish hibernate with them,

To the cheerful creators of prose

They raise golden calves there.

The wise gudgeon huddles there,

The firebird sparkles with fire,

And the nag of history rushes

In harness with a Trojan horse...

How we all love these animals!

But I wandered, sad and angry;

Where are OUR dogs in the hay?

Where is OUR Buridan donkey?

Is it really impossible

Should we invent OUR animals?

Poet! Contemporary! Artist!

Get inspired!

Let it take off immediately

Fantasy red rooster!

And let us not have enough elephants,

We will make them from flies!

(P. Khmara)

The stigma is down, I didn’t even notice the elephant, like a squirrel in a wheel, but the casket just opened, a helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy, we’d better look for a ford, there’s still gunpowder in the powder flasks, lightness in thoughts is extraordinary, she carved herself, the hero is not our novel , without a rudder and without sails.

The richness of the dictionary and phraseology of the Russian language makes it possible to avoid the repetition of the same words, phrases in oral and written speech, to diversify speech, to make it richer.

There is a term in literature paraphrase or paraphrase. The dictionary of the modern Russian literary language defines its meaning as follows:

"An artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential, defining features and signs, creating a complete and vivid picture." Some of the paraphrases over time, becoming widespread in the language, become stable combinations. For example, St. Petersburg, in addition to the names Petrograd, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, is called Northern Palmyra, the city on the Neva, the northern capital, the city / city of Peter, a window to Europe.

According to how diverse the text is in terms of vocabulary, they judge the speech culture of its author.

To check the degree of speech culture of students of one of the colleges, they were offered a text in which the word was repeated cat. They had to replace it with other words or phrases.

Do this work for you, and then get acquainted with the options that college students suggested.

Haircut "under the lion"

It's no secret that Americans in general and New Yorkers in particular adore various animals, especially cats. Therefore, it is no coincidence that one of the largest exhibitions is now held in New York. cats.

The exhibition presents cats from almost every country in the world. Recently it has become very fashionable to cut cats. And the most fashionable haircut is considered cats"under the lion"

It is thought that those representatives of the genus cats, who will be cut in this way will become the main contenders for the main prize.

Student options: Purrs, meows, fluffies, adorables, furry, pets, beautiful creatures, Leopold's buddies, Leopold's brothers, felines, pets, furry creatures, tailed mousers, exhibitors, adorable creatures, mustachioed contestants, mustachioed Leopolds and Murks, clawed friends, a purring breed.

Tell me which of the options do you consider successful or unsuccessful and why? Are there any options that match yours?

Task 100. Imagine that the article “Lion Haircut” is not about cats, but about dogs. Format the text accordingly.

Task 101. Read the text. Replace the repeated word donkey with other words (including pronouns), phrases.

Donkeys on Lamu Island

London-based International Defense Fund donkeys concerned about the situation donkeys on the small Kenyan island of Lamu. In this resort donkeys serve as the only means of transportation. According to the Foundation; examined 471 donkey, donkeys overexploited by the tourist business. Lifespan of Lamia donkeys several times less than donkeys in other places.

Task 102. Read the text. Replace the name of the reptile with other words, phrases.

A graveyard of dead turtles found near Warsaw

On Wisłostrada, Warsaw's noisiest thoroughfare, hundreds of dead were found by vagrants in a high-fenced dump turtles and reported it to the newspaper. However knowledgeable people were not surprised by the find.

This turtles from Kazakhstan, - said Tomasz Mizera, breeding specialist turtles. - Fate turtles sad. Walk along the railway from the border Terespol to Warsaw. The mounds are just dotted turtles. At the eastern border crossings - heaps of dead snakes, turtles or listed in the Red Book of geckos.

His words are confirmed by border guards and police officers:

Apparently, they threw out a whole batch of contraband. Turtles could suffocate in cardboard boxes (up to 400 turtles), die of starvation or large temperature fluctuations.

These turtles, According to Polish journalists, they live in Kazakhstan in huge herds. Poachers approach the nest turtles on trucks, with an excavator. They are recruited by the thousands, the holes in the shells are sealed with plaster or tape, and they are taken across the cordon. In the record year 1992, 100,000 turtles.

Russians, Kazakhs, Belarusians sell turtles wholesale from 5 to 15 zlotys (that is, 5 dollars) apiece. Stores set the retail price twice as high. And those turtles, which follow through Poland only in transit, bring in the West a profit, in percentage second only to drugs sold.

turtles, living on the loose whole century, at home they only survive for a few years. They are living toys. Children turtles tormented, abandoned or forgotten where they laid turtles for the annual hibernation...

Our countrymen who trade turtles, put Poland in the position of a country violating international agreements.

Task 103. Read the text of a persuasive speech written by a 10th grade student. The text is identical to the original. Look for spelling and punctuation errors. Explain them. Where do you see the shortcomings of the text? Remake it: remove repetitions, fix bad expressions. Write your choice.

Mom and dad, I do not want to go to the country for many reasons. First, I'm going to visit my grandmother, whom I haven't seen in a very long time. They live in the village and could have a good rest there, a few weeks. Secondly, I found a great job and would not want to lose it. And thirdly, I would like to relax at home before the start of the school year and I would not want to leave my friends and girlfriends.

The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence in it proverbs, sayings, winged words And expressions.

Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, proven by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “And what a luxury, what a meaning, what is the use of every saying of ours! What a gold!” - so spoke about Russian proverbs A.S. Pushkin. “The proverb is not said in vain,” says folk wisdom. They express joy and sorrow, anger and sadness, love and hate, irony and humor. They summarize various phenomena of the reality around us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts, proverbs and sayings acquire a special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help find a way to the heart of the listener, reader, win their respect and location.

Why are proverbs and sayings so attractive? The generalizing nature of proverbs and sayings allows expressing the essence of the statement in a figurative and extremely brief form. Folk sayings are often given to formulate individual provisions of the statement.

They serve as a starting point for the beginning of a speech, the development of a topic, the disclosure of any position, or they are the final chord, a conclusion, they are used to summarize what has been said. Here, for example, how A. Solzhenitsyn finished the Nobel lecture:

In Russian, proverbs about truth are favorite. They insistently express the considerable hard experience of the people, and sometimes strikingly.

One word of truth will win over the whole world.

Both my own activity and my call to writers of the whole world are based on such an allegedly fantastic violation of the law of conservation of masses and energies.

Proverbs and sayings are also given as illustrations, figurative parallels to the text. This use of proverbs and sayings allows you to express the idea more vividly and convincingly. Figurative illustrations are remembered for a long time by listeners. Interestingly beat a folk saying in one of his speeches M.A. Sholokhov:

The meetings of regional and regional writers' organizations died down, meetings filled with sharp polemics, fervently collected "bit by bit what I heard from my teacher, the living Russian language." The named collection - the result of thirty-five years of work - contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, jokes and riddles. The proverbs are arranged by topic: Russia is the motherland, the people are the world, learning is science, the past is the future, etc., more than one hundred and seventy topics in total. Here are some proverbs on the topic "Language - speech": Do not hurry with your tongue, hurry with your deeds; For a just cause, speak boldly (stand boldly); For a great deed - a great word; Win with a living word; Good speech is good to listen to; You will keep the horse on the reins, but you will not turn back the words from the tongue. Compiled in the middle of the 19th century. The collection continues to serve today.

Rich in folk sayings and "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dal, whose dictionary entries contain about thirty thousand proverbs. For example, for the word Truth The dictionary contains the following proverbs: Truth is the light of reason; The truth is brighter than the sun; The truth is purer than the clear sun; Everything will pass, only truth will remain; A good deed is to speak the truth boldly; Whoever lives the truth, he will make good; Without truth, not living, but howling; Do not sue for the truth: take off your hat and bow; The truth is not afraid of judgment; There is no trial for truth; Fill up the truth with gold, trample it into the mud - everything will come out; The truth is that the awl in the bag: you can’t hide it; In whom there is no truth, there is little good and etc.

Of particular interest are thematic collections of proverbs and sayings. They help to find the necessary material on a particular topic. There are collections of proverbs and sayings about labor (There is no good without labor: Proverbs and sayings about labor. M., 1985), about agriculture (The earth is rich in labor: Proverbs, sayings, winged expressions about agriculture and peasant labor. Rostov n / a , 1985).

In 1994, the Shkola-Press publishing house published the educational dictionary Russian Proverbs and Sayings. Folk sayings in it are united by topics: “Man”, “Life”, “Love, friendship, family”, “Prosperity”, “Trade”, etc. The originality of the dictionary lies in the fact that the dictionary entry explains not only the meaning of the entire expression , if it is not transparent enough, but also the meaning of individual words is clarified, obsolete grammatical forms are explained.

It is important not only to know a certain number of folk sayings, but also to understand their meaning in order to correctly apply them in speech practice. This purpose is served by the "Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings", containing about 1200 folk expressions. The dictionary explains the meaning of proverbs and sayings that have a figurative meaning, gives examples of their use in speech. For example, in shoot a stone - only lose arrows. Doing something obviously impossible means wasting time and effort. Wed: Crush water in a mortar - and there will be water. The sister looked sideways at the man's weaknesses with half-contemptuous condescension; as a woman not stupid, she understood that to shoot at a stone is only to lose arrows (M. Bitter. Varenka Olesova).

The dictionary “Russian proverbs, sayings and catchphrases” by V.P. is also useful. Felitsyna, Yu.E. Prokhorov. It contains 450 most common proverbs, sayings and popular expressions in the modern Russian language. Here is an example of a dictionary entry “Time for business, hour for fun”:

The expression of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), written by him on a book dedicated to falconry.

Fun (colloquial) - fun, entertainment.

Most of the time should be devoted to business, and less to entertainment.

It is usually said as a reminder to a person who, having fun, forgets about the matter.

The teaching began, - now you can’t go on a visit ... This was carried out with us very strictly; Business before pleasure. During school hours - no entertainment, no guests (V. Veresaev. Memories).

It goes without saying what am I not against entertainment, but according to the conditions of our reality, entertainment needs restrictions: “business is time, and fun is an hour” (M. Gorky. About anecdotes and - about something else).

Well, business time, fun hour! - said the teacher. - It's time to take lessons. Everyone began to sit down at their desks, take out notebooks and books. (B. Izyum-skip. Scarlet shoulder straps). A cheerful view of the world does not contradict sympathy and sympathy. Of course, according to the proverb - time is business, and time is fun - we must distinguish when and in what matters this cheerful look is appropriate. (N. Akimov. about the theatre).

Along with proverbs and sayings about the richness of speech testify winged words. These are well-aimed, figurative expressions that have become widespread, have become commonly used. They have been known since antiquity. So, Homer called “winged” words that quickly break from the mouth of the speaker and fly to the ear of the listener. As a rule, winged words and expressions are of book origin. These include famous quotes from fiction, scientific, journalistic literature, statements of famous people of the past and present: His example to others is science(Pushkin); There is something to despair of (Griboedov); Judas Golovlev(Saltykov-Shchedrin); No matter what happens(Chekhov); Like a squirrel in a wheel(Krylov); Best the enemy of the good(Voltaire); The sciences feed young men, give joy to the elders(Lomonosov); O times! Oh manners!(Cicero); Choose the lesser of two evils(Aristotle).

Interesting material about the history of popular expressions and words, their modern use is contained in the book by N.S. Ashchukin and M.G. Ashchukina "Winged Words".

The book of the Russian ethnographer S.V. Maksimov "Winged Words", consisting of short essays and notes on the history of words and expressions. Delving into the dense and luxurious forest of his native language, rich, strong and fresh, brief and clear, the author, in his words, worked on “walking expressions that exclusively belong to Russian speech, have a root in Russian diverse world and even received the meanings of folk proverbs and sayings.

Task 104. Write proverbs, sayings, popular expressions known to you.

Task 105. Explain how you understand folk sayings:

1. Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor; A bad friend is like a teka: you only see him on a bright day; The enemy agrees, and the friend argues. 2. A slob and a slut does not have a good shirt; Done hastily - done for fun.

Task 106. Add the second part of the proverbs.

1. Work with learning is boring ... 2, You like to ride ... 3. A friend for the time being ... 4. Better is the bitter truth of a friend ... 5. Who has not been to Moscow ... 6. Work until you sweat .. 7. Live without work... 8. Who takes care of everything... 9. Don't blame your neighbor... 10. Once you lied... 11. Who is a mountain for the Motherland... 12. Don't teach an eagle to fly. .. 13. Where the bird does not fly ... 14. Who is lazy to plow ... 16. Do not drive the horse with a whip ...

For reference. And the nightingale sing; Yes, the fruit of learning is tasty; so you will eat on the hunt; but drive with oats; the same enemy; but he knows his nest; that true hero; that bread will not be born; forever became a liar; love to carry sleds; than the flattery of the enemy; only smoke the sky; did not see beauty; nothing is given to him; when you sleep until noon.

Task 107. Write proverbs, restoring their beginning.

1. ... you can't bear the fish of their pond. 2. ... and laziness spoils. 3. ... from that you will gain. 4. ... walk boldly. 5. ... and will respond. 6. ... that ends well. 7. ... it is useful to drink water. 8. ... don't say that it's not hefty. 9. ... better than the new two. 10. ... cut once, 11. ... and one warrior in the field. 12. ... and have a hundred friends. 13. ... and ignorance is darkness. 14. ... yes daring. 15. ... then science.

For references. First, az yes beeches; Do not have a hundred rubles; How it backfires; I took hold of the tug; Easily; finished the job; Measure seven times; Small in stature; Old friend; Who will you hang out with? If in Russian it is tailored; Learning is light; Labor feeds; Everything is fine; Don't spit in the well.

Task 108. Remember proverbs with the word language. Write them.

Task 109. Remember and write down proverbs and sayings in which any numbers occur: 1, 2, 3.7, 100, etc.

For example: One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon. The promised three years are waiting.

Task 110. Compose and write a paraphrase, i.e. retelling in your own words the fables of I.A. Krylov.

On a mouse and a cat beast

- “Neighbor, have you heard a good rumor? - ran in, the mouse said to the rat. - After all, the cat, they say, fell into the claws of a lion? Now it’s time for us to relax!” - “Do not rejoice, my light,” the rat says to her in response, “and do not hope for a non-empty one! If it comes to their claws, then, surely, the lion will not be alive: there is no beast stronger than a cat!

Do not laugh at someone else's misfortune - your own on the ridge

Chizha was slammed by the villainess-trap; the poor thing in it was both torn and rushed about; and the young dove mocked him. “Aren't you ashamed,” he says, “I got caught in broad daylight! I would not have been so deceived, for this I boldly vouch.” An you look, right there he got entangled in a snare! And business! From now on, do not laugh at someone else's misfortune, dove.

The richness, diversity, originality and originality of the Russian language allow everyone to make their speech rich and original.

It should be remembered: a gray speech filled with verbal clichés does not evoke the necessary associations in the minds of the listeners. It is unlikely that a person who abuses standard expressions can excite listeners, convince them of something, influence them. A stereotyped, “hackneyed” phrase bounces off the listeners, does not give them the opportunity to delve into the essence of the statement.

In addition, poor, linguistically poor speech is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, testifies to his superficial knowledge, low speech culture, and insufficient vocabulary. But the main thing: poverty, dullness, monotony of language is associated with poverty, dullness and not originality of thought.

A hundred times right K.I. Chukovsky, who wrote in the book "Living like life":

Not for this, our people, together with the geniuses of the Russian word - from Pushkin to Chekhov and Gorky - created for us and for our descendants a rich, free and strong language, striking with its sophisticated, flexible, infinitely diverse forms, not for this we were left as a gift the greatest treasure of our national culture, so that we, having abandoned it with contempt, reduced our speech to a few dozen stamped phrases.