In Belarus, the first car appeared in 1895. It was acquired by the Kovno District of Communications. This pleasure was not cheap, no matter what, the number of cars grew rapidly. The Rechitsa district zemstvo government owned two 25-horsepower cars of the Case company. The Minsk governor drove a dark blue Benz. Princes Radzivils in Nesvizh owned two cars. Princess Paskevich also had two cars at her disposal. A 50-horsepower Mercedes and a 20-horsepower Benz were purchased by the landowner Grebnitsky. Even some wealthy peasants owned cars. In Minsk, the car was purchased by the peasant Rakov, and in Vitebsk, the peasant Terekhov had a Benz.

The first car accident in Minsk occurred on August 20, 1906. Citizen Fedorov, who took permission to transport passengers, crashed into a telegraph pole on Podgornaya Street (now Karl Marx Street). Passengers were thrown onto the pavement, one of them was seriously injured. After such an incident, they were able to take up taxi transportation again only in the autumn of 1912. Minsk residents were transported by taxis of Opel, Ford, Darak, Overland, Oldsmobile and Mercedes brands.

The organization of public transport has also begun. In 1909, the Bobruisk merchant F. Nekrich, together with the honorary citizen of Slutsk I. Ettinger, opened the "Urgent Automobile Communication Enterprise". From Slutsk to Old Roads and back, 3 buses “N. A.G." From Slutsk to Lyakhovichi, 2 buses of the Durkon company began to go.

Trucks began to appear a little later. The first truck appeared at the Kantorovich wallpaper factory only in 1911.

The communication system in the Belarusian provinces was well developed. In the first half of the 19th century, such important land communications as the Brest-Warsaw, Moscow-Brest, Vitebsk-Smolensk, Kyiv-Brest highways passed through Belarus.

In Belarus, the repair and construction of roads was mainly carried out by the Kovno District of Communications, renamed in 1901 into Vilna in connection with the transfer of its administration to Vilna. The Vilna district was in charge of 2554 versts of the highway. In the 1910s, there was an active construction of roads. In 1914, a project was approved to build about three thousand kilometers of highway in the western provinces in six years. This was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. For the next six years, the roads only deteriorated. Only in 1928 was it possible to reach their pre-war level. Dozens of Belarusian cities have become connected by bus routes. Some cities even had domestic bus services. In Minsk at that time there were two lines: "Vokzal-Komarovka" and "Storozhevka-Serebryanka", which intersected at Svoboda Square.

The history of the development of traffic rules in Belarus

On September 11, 1896, a decree was issued by the Minister of Railways, Prince M.I. Khilkov "On the procedure and conditions for the transportation of heavy loads and passengers along the highway of the Department of Railways in self-propelled carriages." The decree included 12 mandatory rules. Here are some of them:

1. When operating self-propelled carriages, the speed of their movement, when meeting with horse-drawn carriages, in order not to frighten the horses, should be reduced to the quietest speed, for the same purpose, a self-propelled carriage should move as far as possible to the very edge of the highway.
2. On sharp turns, self-propelled carriages must move quietly, and in closed areas, in addition, they must trumpet.
3. In accordance with the requirements of general safety, the speed of passage of self-propelled carriages should be reduced: on descents, when meeting with other crews, at the intersection of the highway with other roads and in villages.
4. When driving on highways where there are checkpoints for collecting tolls, self-propelled carriages pay tolls in the amount that will be established for the right of such carriages to travel along the highway.
5. Every self-propelled vehicle must have a proper certificate that the vehicle is in good order in all parts and that all parts of the mechanical engine are in good and safe condition.
   Note: For the issuance of such certificates to owners of self-propelled vehicles intended for movement on the roads of the Department of Railways, it is supposed to inspect these crews in the same manner and within the same timeframes that are established for the examination of steam boilers on ships sailing on inland waters.
6. The iron tires on the rims of self-propelled carriages must be flat over the entire surface, by no means convex or concave, and fastened to the rims in such a way that nails, pins, screws or rivets do not protrude.
7. The width of wheel rims and iron tires must in no case be less than 3 ¼ inches for the total weight of the vehicle with a load of 120 to 180 pounds and not less than 4 inches for the weight of the vehicle with a load of 180 to 300 pounds.
8. Passage on the highway of self-propelled carriages weighing more than 300 pounds is not allowed without special permission requested in advance.

In the 1920s and 1930s, there were no uniform rules for the entire Soviet Union; they were developed locally. June 10, 1920 Council people's commissars adopted the Decree "On road traffic in Moscow and its environs". The rules consisted of 9 sections containing 39 items. In many cities of the Soviet republics, the content of the Decree was taken as the basis for traffic rules. The rules contained requirements for drivers: that they have driver's documents and a waybill; registration plate requirements; requirements for cars and their registration; described the rights to use certain types of cars.

On September 10, 1931, a circular “On the procedure for organizing supervision over the implementation of traffic rules” was signed at the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia (GURKM). With the entry into force of the circular, traffic control departments (ORUDs) were created as part of the police departments.

On May 15, 1933, Zudortrans approved the "Rules for the movement of motor vehicles on the roads of the USSR."

There was a need for a more flexible government agency, which could control the discipline of drivers on the roads, and on November 5, 1934, in accordance with the government decree “On measures to improve the road economy”, the Main State Automobile Inspectorate was created at Tsudortrans.

Belarusian traffic rules for the city of Minsk were adopted on March 27, 1936 and included 13 sections. These Rules introduced 22 road signs: 3 indicative, 6 warning, 13 prohibiting.

In 1938, the first traffic light appeared at the intersection of Kirov and Bobruiskaya streets in Minsk.

In the USSR, in 1940, standard “Rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR” were adopted, on the basis of which the Rules on the ground began to be created.

Standards for road and registration signs were developed only in 1945. GOST 2965-45 “Road signal signs. Classification and technical conditions” divided road signs into three types: a) warning about dangerous places (yellow field, black border and black image) - 4 characters; b) prohibiting - 14 signs; c) indicative - 8 characters. GOST 3207-46 "Number plates for cars, tractors, transport tractors, trailers and motorcycles" introduced registration plates that are uniform for all: 2 black letters and 4 numbers on a yellow background.

On May 8, 1946, the executive committee of the Minsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies issued the first post-war Rules of the street in the city of Minsk and the Minsk region. The rules consisted of 29 sections, including 129 items.

In 1957, the USSR issued new model Rules for driving on streets and roads, which formed the basis of the “Rules of the road for streets and roads of the Byelorussian SSR”, approved by the Council of Ministers of Belarus by Resolution No. 335 of May 12, 1959. The rules contained 100 clauses and 2 annexes.

On January 1, 1959, GOST 3207-58 “Number plates for road transport vehicles". According to GOST, black numbers on a yellow background were replaced by four numbers and three white letters on a black background.

At the World Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva in 1949, the United Nations (UN) adopted the agreements: "Convention on Road Traffic" and "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". These documents contained international requirements for the organization and order of traffic in order to develop it and improve safety. Soviet Union, which then included Belarus, acceded to these UN agreements in August 1959. On the basis of international documents, the first unified rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR were developed, approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in January 1960. On December 2, 1960, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR adopted Resolution No. 639 “On the Enactment of the Rules for Driving on the Streets and Roads of the USSR in the Byelorussian SSR”.

In August 1964, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR approved the Rules for the registration and accounting of motor vehicles and motorcycles, the Rules for technical inspections of cars and motorcycles, the Rules for recording traffic accidents and the Regulations on the procedure for awarding the qualification of a driver of motor vehicles and urban electric transport.

In 1972, a unified driver's license was introduced in the USSR, according to which drivers began to be divided into groups according to the categories (A, B, C, D and E) of the vehicles they were allowed to drive.

On January 1, 1974, 26 regional and inter-district registration and examination divisions of the traffic police began to work in the BSSR. They dealt with issuing and replacing driver's licenses, registering vehicles and taking exams.

At the same time, work was actively carried out to ensure road safety. In all settlements, new technical means of traffic control were installed: three-dimensional and retroreflective road signs, traffic lights of a new design.

On July 16, 1986, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the new Rules of the Road. On January 1, 1987, they entered into force.

On March 21, 1996, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 203 approved the first national traffic rules of the Republic of Belarus.

An important event in the field of road traffic and ensuring the safety of its participants was the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Road Traffic", which came into force on August 10, 2002. The law spelled out the legal and organizational foundations of road traffic. As part of the implementation of this law, the Rules of the Road were created, which came into force on July 1, 2003.

On November 28, 2005, President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko signed Decree No. 551 “On Measures to Improve Road Safety”. This Decree approved the new Rules of the Road, which came into force on January 1, 2006. From this moment on, all changes to the Rules of the Road are approved exclusively by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus. Differences between the Rules of 2003 and 2006 are given in the comparative table.

Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 526 dated October 18, 2007 made further changes to the Rules of the Road. Basically, the changes were "cosmetic" in nature. Among them, the most important can be considered the permission not to wear a seat belt for drivers with certain medical contraindications, the mandatory designation of pedestrians with a retroreflective element when driving along the edge of the carriageway at night, as well as the introduction of winter tires as a recommendation.

Minor changes to the Rules of the Road were also introduced by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 663 of December 4, 2008 and No. 52 of January 23, 2009.

On December 17, 2009, the President of Belarus signed Decree No. 634, which provides for the next adjustment of the Rules of the Road. The document was prepared on behalf of the head of state on the basis of a collective appeal of the citizens of the Republic of Belarus with a request to lift restrictions on the tinting of vehicle windows. From December 17, 2009, the Decree allows the participation in road traffic of all vehicles with tinting that meets the requirements established by the Decree.

The rules of the road define the norms of behavior for drivers - the main participants in the road traffic, due to the mistakes of which the majority of road accidents occur, as well as pedestrians and passengers, through whose fault people are often injured and killed. The rules establish requirements for road users, they reflect certain organizational and technical possibilities for preventing accidents. This explains the fact that with the development of traffic, the expansion of means and opportunities for its organization, the Rules of the Road are also being improved.

Anna Techuesheva
OOO "New turn"

The rules of the road were invented a very long time ago. Very often they were rather ridiculous, for example, it was invented that a person ran in front of a moving vehicle and shouted about the approach of the crew. Conflicts arising during the movement between crews and pedestrians led to the need for supervision and control, in some cases, and punishment of malicious violators.

The very first rules of the road were introduced by another decree of Julius Caesar in Ancient Rome. For all their imperfection, they included a number of provisions that made it possible to curb the transport flood in Rome and have retained their relevance to this day. These rules introduced one-way streets, forbade moving in private chariots along the streets of Rome during working hours, and non-residents had to leave their vehicles outside the city limits and move further on foot.

During the reign of Ivan 3 in Russia (15th century), the general rules for using postal routes were known, which made it possible to overcome long distances quite quickly on horseback horses. Peter 1 issued a decree in 1683: “The Great Sovereign knew that many taught to ride in a sleigh on the reins with large scourges and, riding through the streets carelessly, they beat people, then from now on, from now on, do not ride in a sleigh on the reins.” With the creation in 1718 of the police authorities, control over the observance of the established rules in St. Petersburg was entrusted to them. It should be noted that the state established not only the rules, but also punishment for their violation. So, on January 9, 1730, Anna Ioannovna ordered a decree to be issued, according to which she ordered to ride only on bridle horses “with all fear and caution, quietly.” Disobedients are "beaten with a whip and exiled to hard labor." Over time, the rules of the road were refined. At the disposal of the administration of cities at the end of the 18th century. we find the following instructions: “When it happens to drive up to a crossroads, then drive even more quietly and look in all directions, so as not to inflict damage on anyone or move with someone, and on bridges across rivers, do not overtake carriages, but drive, on the contrary, decently and soon."

Detailing the rules continued in the 19th century. In the "Instructions to the city policemen of the Mrskov police", published in 1883, the actions of policemen for all occasions were described. 30 paragraphs out of 144 are devoted to "observance of order and safety on the sidewalk, roads and boulevards." Let's take just one paragraph No. 44. It says:

a) did not go to the ferry.

Note: it is not forbidden to go around at a moderate trot quietly riding;

• b) when going downhill, at crossroads, as well as in front of those crossing and crossing the street, horses were held back;
• c) gave way to religious processions, funeral and other processions, fire carts, passing units of troops and prisoner parties, and if there was not enough space for passage, they stopped until they followed;
• d) did not ride harnessed horses;
• e) in winter they did not ride a sleigh without undercuts that interfere with rolling.

The appearance of steam cars caused outrage among the retrogrades. With slander and ridicule, they wanted to stop progress. Managers of wealthy offices, who had horse-drawn stagecoaches that transported passengers and cargo, were especially successful. They set the government on their opponents, which began to issue very strict rules for steam stagecoaches.

So, the government of England adopted a number of rules for the movement of steam cars: Rule one. A person with a red flag must walk ahead of each steam stagecoach at a distance of 55 meters. When meeting with carriages or riders, he should warn that a steam engine is following him.

Second rule. Drivers are strictly forbidden to frighten horses with whistles. Letting off steam from cars is allowed only if there are no horses on the road.

Rule three. The speed of the steam engine should not exceed 6 km / h in the village, and 3 km in the city.

The speed of the car was limited in various countries from 6 to 30 km / h. True, in some cities, on the contrary, it was allowed to drive very fast so as not to poison the population with exhaust gases. For the same reason, cars were forbidden to stop near crowded institutions and gardens.

In Russia, the persecution of a car was of a relatively modest nature and mainly limited the speed of movement. So, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the speed of movement of a crew weighing 350 pounds should not exceed 12 versts / h, while it makes no difference whether it moved loaded or empty. And only in 1907 this restriction was removed and the speed of movement of the crews was set at 20 versts / h.

In the provinces, the car was looked at as a fiend. These persecutions were especially intensified with the advent of gasoline cars. The enemies of the car were looking for any excuse to infringe on the new car. While they were slow-moving, the well-wishers claimed that they had no dignity over horses. While the car was noisy, they complained that it disturbed their peace. In the same way, motorists were harassed in other countries. In England, the notorious “man with a red flag” law was repealed only in 1896. What rules were not set for motorists:

do not drive after 9 pm on the streets (Rome);

do not give signals at crowded intersections, so as not to distract the attention of other drivers (Scotland);

give way to any other crew, as there are more other crews and they are more important for the economy of the country (Sweden);

under pain of a year's imprisonment, do not approach the barracks, fortifications and armory stores at night, where, however, any other movement was allowed (France);

when meeting with horses, stop not only the car, but also the engine, so as not to frighten the unfortunate animals (Germany).

And in the state of Texas (USA), a law was passed that ordered drivers of a car to stop on the side of the road when approaching herds of horses and cover the car with a tarpaulin to match the color of the area.

With the appearance in the 80s of the 19th century. the first cars with an internal combustion engine, capable of gaining much greater speed than horses, for a long time nothing significant happened in ensuring public safety. And only on August 14, 1893, the first traffic rules for motorists were introduced in France. Remember: for drivers only. Following the example of France, similar rules are adopted in other countries of Europe.

With an increase in the number and quality of cars, there is a need for drivers to travel not only in their own country, but also abroad.

At first, the rules in different countries differed from one another. And how in this case to be a Frenchman who goes to Germany, but does not know the German language? Or a Dane who is going to relax on the shores of the Adriatic Sea? How many countries will have to cross! And what, every time it is necessary to study the rules of movement of these countries? Naturally, uniform rules of movement on the continent were necessary. And in 1909, an international conference was held in Paris, at which a decision was made on uniform rules, the same for all European countries.

There was a civil war in Russia. Automotive life in the country did not boil: there were, as we know, only up to 10,000 cars in the whole country. They were concentrated mainly in Moscow, where the government moved from St. Petersburg. It can be assumed that this is precisely why the first normative act, specifically dedicated to the safety of road traffic, appeared only in 1920. )". This document took into account many aspects of traffic safety. This included the requirements for cars, their registration, operating procedures, license plates, and drivers, in accordance with this decree, had to have a driver's license and a waybill.

The rules set the maximum speed of movement: for cars and motorcycles - no more than 25 versts / h, for cargo - no more than 15, security functions were divided between departments. Already in August 1921, order No. 225 was created for the worker-peasant militia, in accordance with which its employees were ordered to study not only political literacy, arithmetic, the Russian language, but also, in a mandatory manner, traffic regulation.

In 1940, the first model traffic rules appeared, on the basis of which more unified rules on the ground began to be approved. However, even at this stage, the rules still retained many unjustified differences, and in some cases, contradictions. Naturally, this made it difficult for drivers to work.

An important step was the creation in 1957 of new traffic rules, which had fundamental differences. In them, many restrictions were eliminated and thus provided great opportunities for the initiative of drivers.

On the basis of these model rules in 1957-1959. Republican Traffic Rules were introduced, and in 1961 - the first unified Traffic Rules throughout the USSR. These Rules operated on the basis of the Conventions of 1962 and 1931 on road traffic, when our country joined the League of Nations. In 1933, the “Rules for the Application within the USSR of the International Convention Concerning Automobile Traffic” were introduced, which declared the essence of the 1926 Convention.

The Convention contained the following sections:

• · General provisions.
• · Technical conditions that cars must meet for international trips.
• · International distinguishing mark.
• · International certificates for the car.
• · International permits for the right to drive a car.
• · Deprivation of the right to use an international certificate for cars and permission to drive a car.
• · Order of entry, stay and departure.
• · Rules about triptyx.
• · Road warning signals.

The Uniform Rules of 1961, after some revision, were reissued in 1965 and were in effect for 8 years. In 1968, the CCCP joined the International Convention. The main section of this document is the "Rules of the road". In 1973, new Rules are introduced based on the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.

On the basis of the Vienna Conventions of 1968 and 1975, the European Commission of the UN developed the European Agreements supplementing these Conventions. They contain more specific and unambiguous provisions in relation to the peculiarities of movement in the countries of Europe.

In 1980, with this in mind, the Rules of the Road are introduced, in which some structural changes have been made, certain provisions have been clarified. The 1980 rules differ from the previous ones with a new system of road signs. These Rules worked until 1987. The Rules of the Road of the Russian Federation were approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 23, 1993. The legal field of the Rules has changed. As you know, the Rules of the Road in the USSR were not adopted at such a high level. Usually they were approved by the Minister of Internal Affairs of the CCCP.

The rules are constantly updated. This is due to many factors: traffic conditions have become more complicated, the number and quality of vehicles have changed, the speed characteristics of vehicles have increased, the intensity of traffic flows, etc. All this requires bringing into line legal issues, which do not always correspond to the situation.

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Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Target:

• To introduce students to the history of the development of roads and the rules of the road.
• draw students' attention to the study and observance of traffic rules.

Visual aids: albums, drawings, on the topic.

“History of road development and traffic rules”

1. The teacher's story about the road.

It was a very long time ago. People lived then among the impenetrable forests. They raised cattle, hunted, collected honey from wild bees, fished, and sowed small plots of land. It was difficult then for people to make their way through dense forests, but there was a need for this. And so people began to cut paths in the forests. They were called "paths". "Putiks" connected settlements with each other, they began to be called roads. The road is the way from one locality to another.

Teacher:

2. As time went on, riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts began to ride along the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.

The history of the development of roads and the first rules of the road originates in ancient Rome.

3. The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise and about two hours before sunset (working day end time) the passage of private wagons and chariots was forbidden.

Visitors to the city had to travel in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (stretcher on long poles), and transport to park outside the city.

Already at that time there was a supervisory service that monitored compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters

The duties of this service included preventing conflict situations among vehicle owners. Crossroads were not regulated. The nobles, in order to ensure free passage for themselves, sent forward runners. They freed the streets and the nobles thus could freely pass to their destination.

4. One of the most enduring monuments of ancient Rome was the network of roads that linked the imperial provinces. And even if not all roads led to Rome, they all owed their origin to the Eternal City, and in particular the Appian Way - this “queen of roads”.

5. The first "correct" Roman roads were built by the military and laid for military purposes, later the authorities constantly monitored them as strategic objects. The classical width of the roads is 12 m. They were built in four layers: cobblestone, crushed stones, brick chips, and large cobblestone.

One of the mandatory conditions set before the start of construction was the continuous accessibility of the road in any weather. For this, the roadbed not only rose 40-50 cm above the terrain, but also had a sloping shape in section, which is why there were never puddles on it. Drainage ditches on either side of the roadway diverted water away from it, giving it no chance to begin to erode the foundation.

One of the striking features of Roman roads has gone down in history - their straightness. For the sake of maintaining this characteristic, convenience was often sacrificed: the road could turn to the side only because of a very serious obstacle, otherwise a bridge was built across the river, a tunnel was dug in the mountain, and gently sloping hills were not considered a problem at all, which is why travelers often had to climb steep ascents and descents.

6. A huge road network required appropriate infrastructure: inns, forges, stables - all this was built as the roadbed was built, so that by the end of the work the new direction would immediately become active.

7. Unlike Western countries , that arose on the site of one of the greatest ancient civilizations - Ancient Rome, Russian roads throughout history left much to be desired. To some extent, this is due to the peculiarity of the natural and geographical conditions in which Russian civilization was formed. In view of the harsh climate, the presence of a large number of various kinds of obstacles - forests, wetlands, the construction of roads in Russia has always been associated with significant difficulties.

8. In view of the fact that most of the territory of Rus' was occupied by impenetrable forests, rivers played the role of roads; all Russian cities and most of the villages were located along the banks of the rivers. In the summer they swam along the rivers, in the winter they rode sledges. Overland communication was also hampered by gangs of robbers who hunted on forest roads.

9. The absence of roads sometimes turned out to be a boon for the population of the Russian principalities. So, in 1238, Batu Khan, who ruined the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities, could not reach Novgorod due to the spring thaw, and was forced to turn south. The Tatar-Mongol invasion played a dual role in the development of the road system of the Russian lands.

10. On the one hand, as a result of Batu's campaigns, the economy of the Russian principalities was thoroughly undermined, dozens of cities were destroyed, which ultimately led to a reduction in trade and desolation of roads. At the same time, having subdued North-Eastern Rus' and made it part of the Golden Horde, the Tatars introduced their postal system in the Russian lands, borrowed from China, which in essence was a revolution in the development of the road network. Horde mail stations began to be located along the roads.

11. The owners of the stations were called coachmen (from the Turkic “yamji” - “messenger”). The maintenance of the pits fell on the local population, who also performed the underwater duty, i.e. was obliged to provide their horses and carts to the Horde ambassadors or messengers.

12. For a long time in Russia, traffic was regulated by royal decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cabbies and other people of all sorts of ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: “On the streets, the coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or strum.”

13. At the end of the 18th century, the first “self-propelled carts” appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to go in front of each car and

warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don't whistle, don't breathe, and crawl like a turtle.

But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars.

Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, features were specified when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections. One of the additions was a rule giving priority to pedestrians in traffic. The religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in movement.

14. The basis of the modern Rules of the Road was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, in front of the Parliament on the square, the first railway semaphore appeared in the form of a colored disc with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of the time.

The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:

Horizontal position - no movement

45-degree angle position - movement is allowed, but with precautions.

15. First in different countries there were different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on car traffic, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.

16. Over the years, changes and additions have been made to the rules of the road, stipulating features when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections.

The first traffic rules in Russia along the streets and roads were developed in 1940, since the development of road transport was slower than in Europe and America.

At present, modern traffic rules are in force in Russia, which we study in the classroom and extracurricular activities.

The modern rules of the road set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, describe road signs, traffic lights, etc.

The teacher focuses on the fact that in all countries of the world children try never to violate the rules of the road, because the correct behavior on the streets and roads is an indicator of human culture.

On the streets of many cities, on busy highways, the movement of vehicles often takes the form of continuous streams. There is a concentration of the population in cities; now more than half of the country's population lives in cities. And this increases the number of pedestrians on the streets. The concentration of a large number of vehicles and pedestrians on the streets of settlements complicates the situation, requires the organization of traffic, ensuring the safety of traffic participants. With an increase in traffic intensity, a clear organization of the management of both transport and pedestrian flows, the use of modern means of regulation are required. In addition, to ensure traffic safety, it is necessary for drivers and pedestrians to have a solid knowledge of the “Rules of the Road”, as well as their exact implementation.

All citizens of our country are obliged to follow these rules, to comply with the requirements of police officers and those on duty at railway crossings. Any, even a minor violation of traffic rules in a traffic stream can cause a traffic accident, which will result in injury to people, failure of expensive vehicles and damage to the transported cargo.

Control questions.

1. Where did the first rules of the road appear?

2. How were the first Roman roads built?

3. Why have Russian roads left much to be desired throughout history?

4. How was traffic regulated in tsarist times?

5. In which city was the foundation of modern traffic rules laid?

6. In which city in 1909 at the International Conference was adopted

7. Convention on road traffic?

8. In what year were the first traffic rules developed in Russia?

9. What are traffic rules for?

Guy Julius Caesar was one of the first to try to restore order in the cities. As an ancient Roman ruler, Caesar issued a decree in the last years of his reign, according to which one-way traffic was introduced on the streets of Rome. The passage of private chariots and wagons was forbidden from sunrise until almost sunset. Guests of the city were forced to leave their vehicles outside of Rome and move on foot. A special service monitored the observance of this order.

Representatives of the Roman "road inspectorate" had the right to regulate disputes and conflicts that often arose between the owners of the wagons.

In medieval times, traffic in cities became more lively. Even simple horse-drawn carts, driving around the narrow streets of cities, often collided with each other. Medieval rulers, by their decrees, introduced certain rules for horse and foot townspeople. Restrictions on the speed of movement were introduced and the order of travel was determined. There were also penalties that were harshly applied to violators. However, these rules applied only to individual localities and were not universal.

New time - new solutions

Those rules of the road, as everyone is used to presenting them today, originated in England only in late XIX century. In 1868, a mechanical semaphore was installed in one of the squares of London, which included a colored disc. The semaphore could only be controlled manually. Its wings were designed in such a way that they could take two positions. If the wing is horizontal, movement was prohibited. The lowered wing made it possible to move, but with extreme caution.

This prototype of the modern traffic light was very far from perfect. The design of the device was unsuccessful. The mere rattle of the chain that set the semaphore in motion was so terrible that people shied away from it in fright. On top of that, after a while, the semaphore simply for some unknown reason, injuring a nearby law enforcement officer.

The first road signs can be called special signs, which indicated the direction of movement and the distance to a certain point.

How modern traffic rules were created

In 1909, a conference was held in Paris, at which it was decided to introduce uniform traffic rules for Europe. This event was facilitated by a sharp increase in the number of motor vehicles, an increase in the intensity of traffic and the speed of cars. The Convention on Road Traffic adopted at the international forum introduced some.

The first unified signs indicated uneven or winding roads, as well as the presence of a railway crossing and a pedestrian crossing.

In the following decades, the rules of the road were significantly enriched and supplemented with new provisions. The main goal of the developers of the rules was to create uniformity and ensure safety for all road users. Gradually, those traffic rules appeared that every competent driver and pedestrian knows today.

You will probably be surprised to see this headline and think: “Is it really that difficult to cross the road?” Some pedestrians believe that they just need to run across the road very quickly and everything will be in order.

Others, on the contrary, patiently wait until there is not a single car on the road at all. But this happens so rarely that you can stand for several hours waiting for the moment when it will be possible to cross the road.

What to do? How to cross the street?

You already know that you can cross the road at an elevated or underground pedestrian crossing, as well as at a green - permissive - traffic light. But before you start crossing the road, determine whether the traffic on it is one-way or two-way. After all, the rules for crossing different roads are different from each other.

But above all, you must know very well general rules :

• Before crossing the road, stop at the edge of the sidewalk.
• Look carefully left and right and find out if this is a one-way or two-way road.
• Before you start crossing the road, make sure that all vehicles are at a safe distance from you to cross.
• Cross the road at a brisk pace, but don't run.
• Cross the road at right angles to the sidewalk, not at an angle.

And the most important thing: be careful all the time while you are crossing the road!

You already know that when crossing any road, you must be very careful and follow the general rules. But, in addition to the general ones, there are also rules when crossing roads with two-way traffic.

How should you behave when crossing a two-way road?

It may seem to you that there are too many rules and it is difficult or even impossible to remember them. But it is much better to spend time learning the rules for crossing the road than risking your health and life!

When crossing a one-way road, you need to behave a little differently than when crossing a two-way road. Approaching the road with one-way traffic, first of all, determine where the transport goes on it - to the right or to the left.

Before you start crossing a one-way road, remember that you can only cross it right away.It is impossible to stop in the middle of the road here!After all, on such a road, cars drive across the entire width of the carriageway. Therefore, we remind you once again: when crossing a one-way road, you cannot stop in the middle.

Now you understand that you can only cross such roads when you are absolutely sure that all vehicles are at a distance from you sufficient for a safe transition. Therefore, first of all, make sure that the transport is far from you, and remember about the braking distance!

Remember to make sure that there are no cars moving in reverse near the pedestrian crossing. Start crossing the road quickly, but do not run. Walk at a right angle to the sidewalk, not at an angle.

When crossing a one-way road, do not forget to watch the side of the road where the traffic comes from.

In ancient times, there were no private cars or public transport. There were not even horse-drawn carriages yet, and people walked from one settlement to another. But they needed to know where that other road led. And it was also important for them to know how much distance was left to go to the right place. To convey this information, our ancestors placed stones on the roads, broke branches in a special way, and made notches on tree trunks.

And in ancient rome , back in the time of Emperor Augustus, the first signs appeared that either demanded - "Give way" or warned - "This is a dangerous place." In addition, the Romans began to put stone pillars along the most important roads. They carved the distance from this pillar to the main square in Rome - the Roman Forum. We can say that these were the first road signs.

In Russia in the XVI century, under Tsar Fedor Ioannovich, on the road that led from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye, milestones 4 meters high were placed. This is where the expression "Kolomenskaya Verst" came from.

Under Peter I, a system of milestones appeared on all roads Russian Empire. The pillars were painted in black and white stripes. So they could be seen better at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.

But a serious need for road signs arose with the advent of cars.

In 1900 At the congress of the International Tourist Union, it was agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols that are understandable to both foreign citizens and illiterate people.

In 1903 The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And 6 years later, at the International Conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. At the same time, the first four road signs were installed. They have survived to this day, although they appearance has changed. These signs are named:"Rough road", "Dangerous bend", "Crossing Equivalent Roads" And "Railway crossing with a barrier".

In 1909 the first road signs officially appeared in Russia.

Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.

There was a time when only riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were very narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.

The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.

They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.

In Russia, traffic was regulated by tsarist decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cab drivers and other people of all ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And those who will not abide by these rules will be beaten with a whip and exiled to hard labor. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: "On the streets, the coachmen must not scream, whistle, ring or strum at any time."

At the end of XVIII century, the first "self-propelled carts" appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or a lantern had to go in front of each car and warn the carriages and riders they met. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 km / h; in addition, drivers were forbidden to give warning signals. These were the rules, do not reduce, do not breathe and crawl like a turtle.

But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893 The first rules for motorists appeared in France. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909 At the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.

Do you know when the first traffic light familiar to us appeared?

It turns out that they began to regulate traffic using a mechanical device already 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the center of the city on a pillar 6 meters high. It was run by a specially assigned person. With the help of a belt system, he raised and lowered the arrow of the device. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern that worked on lighting gas. There were green and red glasses in the lantern, and yellow ones had not yet been invented.

The first electric traffic light appeared in the United States, in the city of Clivend, in 1914. He also had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the warning whistle of the policeman. But after 4 years, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.

Interestingly, in the first traffic lights, the green signal was at the top, but then it was decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now, in all countries of the world, traffic signals are arranged according to a single rule: at the top - red, middle - yellow, bottom - green.

In our country, the first traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow, green. And the traffic controller manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.

Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) there were electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type. And in 1937 in Leningrad, on Zhelyabov Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street), the first pedestrian traffic light appeared.