Vladimir Lenin is the great leader of the working people of the whole world, who is considered the most prominent politician in world history, who created the first socialist state.

The Russian communist theoretical philosopher, who continued the work and, whose activities were widely deployed at the beginning of the 20th century, is still of interest to the public today, since his historical role is of significant importance not only for Russia, but for the whole world. Lenin's activity has both positive and negative assessments, which does not prevent the founder of the USSR from remaining the leading revolutionary in world history.

Childhood and youth

Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich was born on April 22, 1870 in the Simbirsk province Russian Empire in the family of school inspector Ilya Nikolaevich and school teacher Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanov. He became the third child of parents who invested their whole soul in their children - my mother completely abandoned work and devoted herself to raising Alexander, Anna and Volodya, after whom she also gave birth to Maria and Dmitry.

As a child, Vladimir Ulyanov was a mischievous and very smart boy - at the age of 5 he already learned to read and by the time he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium he became a "walking encyclopedia". During his school years, he also showed himself to be a diligent, diligent, gifted and accurate student, for which he was repeatedly awarded commendable sheets. Lenin's classmates said that the future world leader of the working people enjoyed great respect and authority in the class, since every student felt his mental superiority.

In 1887, Vladimir Ilyich graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University. In the same year, a terrible tragedy happened in the Ulyanov family - Lenin's older brother Alexander was executed for participating in organizing an assassination attempt on the tsar.

This grief aroused in the future founder of the USSR a protest spirit against national oppression and the tsarist system, therefore, already in his first year at the university, he created a student revolutionary movement, for which he was expelled from the university and sent into exile in a small village Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province.

Since that moment, the biography of Vladimir Lenin has been continuously connected with the struggle against capitalism and autocracy, the main goal of which was the liberation of workers from exploitation and oppression. After the exile, in 1888, Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he immediately joined one of the Marxist circles.

In the same period, Lenin's mother acquired an estate of almost 100 hectares in the Simbirsk province and convinced Vladimir Ilyich to manage it. This did not prevent him from continuing to maintain contacts with local "professional" revolutionaries, who helped him find Narodnaya Volya and create an organized movement of Protestants of the imperial power.

revolutionary activity

In 1891, Vladimir Lenin managed to pass the exams externally at the Imperial St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Law. After that, he worked as an assistant to a sworn advocate from Samara, dealing with the "state protection" of criminals.

In 1893, the revolutionary moved to St. Petersburg and, in addition to legal practice engaged in writing historical works on Marxist political economy, the creation of a Russian freedom movement, the capitalist evolution of the post-reform villages and industry. Then he began to create a program of the Social Democratic Party.

In 1895, Lenin made his first trip abroad and made the so-called tour of Switzerland, Germany and France, where he met his idol Georgy Plekhanov, as well as Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue, who were leaders of the international labor movement.

Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ilyich managed to unite all the disparate Marxist circles in the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", at the head of which he began to prepare a plan to overthrow the autocracy. For active propaganda of his idea, Lenin and his allies were taken into custody, and after a year in prison he was sent to the Shushenskoye village of the Elysian province.

During the exile, he established contact with the Social Democrats of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1900, after the end of the exile, he traveled all over Russian cities and personally established contact with numerous organizations. In 1900, the leader created the Iskra newspaper, under whose articles he first signed the pseudonym Lenin.

In the same period, he became the initiator of the congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, in which after that there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The revolutionary headed the Bolshevik ideological and political party and launched an active struggle against Menshevism.

In the period from 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived in exile in Switzerland, where he was preparing an armed uprising. There he was caught by the First Russian Revolution, in the victory of which he was interested, since it opened the way to the socialist revolution.

Then Vladimir Ilyich illegally returned to St. Petersburg and began to act actively. He tried at all costs to win over the peasants to his side, forcing them to an armed uprising against the autocracy. The revolutionary urged people to arm themselves with everything at hand and to attack civil servants.

October Revolution

After the defeat in the First Russian Revolution, the solidarity of all Bolshevik forces took place, and Lenin, having analyzed the mistakes, began to revive the revolutionary upsurge. Then he created his own legal Bolshevik party, which published the newspaper Pravda, of which he was editor-in-chief. At that time, Vladimir Ilyich lived in Austria-Hungary, where he was caught World War.

After being imprisoned on suspicion of spying for Russia, Lenin prepared his theses on the war for two years, and after his release went to Switzerland, where he came up with the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil one.

In 1917, Lenin and his associates were allowed to leave Switzerland through Germany to Russia, where a solemn meeting was organized for him. The first speech of Vladimir Ilyich before the people began with a call for a "social revolution", which caused discontent even among the Bolshevik circles. At that moment, Lenin's theses were supported by Joseph Stalin, who also believed that power in the country should belong to the Bolsheviks.

On October 20, 1917, Lenin arrived at Smolny and took over the leadership of the uprising, which was organized by the head of the Petrograd Soviet. Vladimir Ilyich proposed to act promptly, toughly and clearly - from October 25 to October 26, the Provisional Government was arrested, and on November 7, at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted, and the Council was organized People's Commissars headed by Vladimir Ilyich.

This was followed by a 124-day "Smolnin period", during which Lenin carried out active work in the Kremlin. He signed a decree on the creation of the Red Army, concluded the Brest peace treaty with Germany, and also began to develop a program for the formation of a socialist society. At that moment, the Russian capital was moved from Petrograd to Moscow, and the Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers became the supreme body of power in Russia.

After the main reforms, which consisted in withdrawing from the World War and transferring the lands of the landowners to the peasants, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was formed on the territory of the former Russian Empire, the rulers of which were the communists led by Vladimir Lenin.

Head of the RSFSR

With the coming to power, Lenin, according to many historians, ordered the execution of the former Russian emperor along with his entire family, and in July 1918 he approved the Constitution of the RSFSR. Two years later, Lenin eliminated the supreme ruler of Russia, Admiral, who was his strong opponent.

Then the head of the RSFSR implemented the "Red Terror" policy, created to strengthen the new government in the face of flourishing anti-Bolshevik activities. At the same time, the decree on the death penalty was restored, under which anyone who did not agree with Lenin's policy could fall.

After that, Vladimir Lenin set about destroying the Orthodox Church. Since that period, believers have become the main enemies of the Soviet regime. During that period, Christians who tried to protect the holy relics were subjected to persecution and executions. Special concentration camps were also created for the “re-education” of the Russian people, where people were imputed in especially harsh ways that they were obliged to work for free in the name of communism. This led to a massive famine that killed millions of people and a terrible crisis.

This result forced the leader to retreat from his planned plan and create a new economic policy, during which people, under the "supervision" of the commissars, restored industry, revived construction sites and industrialized the country. In 1921, Lenin abolished "war communism", replaced the food distribution with a food tax, allowed private trade, which gave the broad mass of the population to independently seek means of survival.

In 1922, on the recommendations of Lenin, the USSR was created, after which the revolutionary had to step down from power due to a sharp deterioration in health. After a sharp political struggle in the country in pursuit of power, the sole leader Soviet Union was Joseph Stalin.

Personal life

The personal life of Vladimir Lenin, like that of most professional revolutionaries, was shrouded in secrecy for the purpose of conspiracy. He met his future wife in 1894 during the organization of the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.

She blindly followed her lover and participated in all the actions of Lenin, which was the reason for their separate first exile. In order not to part, Lenin and Krupskaya got married in a church - they invited Shushensky peasants as best men, and their ally made of copper nickels made wedding rings for them.

The sacrament of the wedding of Lenin and Krupskaya took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye, after which Nadezhda became a faithful companion of the life of the great leader, whom she bowed to, despite his harshness and humiliating treatment of herself. Having become a real communist, Krupskaya suppressed her sense of ownership and jealousy, which allowed her to remain the only wife of Lenin, in whose life there were many women.

The question "Did Lenin have children?" still attracts worldwide interest. There are several historical theories regarding the paternity of the communist leader - some claim that Lenin was barren, while others call him the father of many children of illegitimate children. At the same time, many sources claim that Vladimir Ilyich had a son Alexander Steffen from his beloved, an affair with which the revolutionary lasted about 5 years.

Death

The death of Vladimir Lenin occurred on January 21, 1924 in the estate of Gorki, Moscow province. According to official figures, the leader of the Bolsheviks died of atherosclerosis, caused by severe overload at work. Two days after his death, Lenin's body was transported to Moscow and placed in the Hall of Columns, where the farewell to the founder of the USSR was held for 5 days.

On January 27, 1924, Lenin's body was embalmed and placed in a specially built for this Mausoleum, located on the Red Square of the capital. The ideologist of the creation of Lenin's relics was his successor Joseph Stalin, who wanted to make Vladimir Ilyich a "god" in the eyes of the people.

After the collapse of the USSR, the issue of Lenin's reburial was repeatedly raised in the State Duma. True, he remained at the stage of discussion back in 2000, when he came to power during his first presidential term put an end to this issue. He said that he did not see the desire of the overwhelming majority of the population to rebury the body of the world leader, and until it appears, this topic will no longer be discussed in modern Russia.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (revolutionary pseudonym - Lenin) was born in Simbirsk on April 22, 1870. There he was baptized according to the Christian rite. His father, Ilya Nikolaevich, who managed to get an excellent education, was successfully promoted and reached the rank of 4th class in the table of ranks, which gave him the right to receive a noble title. In the last years of his life, Ilya Nikolayevich served as an inspector of public schools.

Did Volodya believe in God as a child? Probably, he simply fulfilled the requirements of the elders. He always had excellent marks in the Law of God. But at the age of sixteen he consciously retreated from faith in God.

Father was buried in 1886, at the age of 54, when Volodya Ulyanov was only 16 years old. In the summer of 1887 the family left Simbirsk for Kazan.

M.M., a party comrade-in-arms, wrote about her acquaintance with the Ulyanov family. Essen.

“It was a real family, as it was drawn to us in the distant future. Vladimir Ilyich's love for his family, tender care for his mother ... runs through Lenin's whole life.

When Vladimir entered the Faculty of Law at Kazan University, he greatly upset his mentor Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky, who insisted on continuing his education in literature and linguistics.

In 1887, the Ulyanov family learned about the participation of their eldest son and brother Alexander in revolutionary terrorist activities. On May 8, he was executed as a terrorist who encroached on the life of Emperor Alexander 3.

In the same period, Vladimir was involved in the work of the student circle "Narodnaya Volya", which was led by Lazar Bogoraz. And already three months after enrolling in the university, Vladimir Ulyanov was expelled from it for his involvement in student demonstrations that turned into riots and was subject to expulsion from Kazan.

At the request of L. A. Ardasheva, a maternal aunt, the exiled V. Ulyanov went to the village of Kokushkino, Laishevsky district, Kazan province. Here, having settled in the house of the Ardashevs, he studied the works of N.G. Chernyshevsky, reading Marxist and other literature.

In the autumn of 1888, with the permission of the authorities, he returned to Kazan, where he was introduced to one of the Marxist circles. At the meetings, the works of Marx, Engels, were comprehended and discussed.

In 1890, the authorities had mercy and allowed Vladimir Ulyanov to prepare externally for the exams for a lawyer. A year later, in November 1891, Vladimir Ilyich passed the exams for the entire course of the law faculty of the Imperial St. Petersburg University. He also studied literature on economics, and especially on agriculture.

Having received a diploma, Vladimir Ilyich worked as an assistant to the lawyer A.N. Hardin. The novice lawyer was entrusted mainly with "state protection" in criminal cases.

In May 1895, Vladimir Ilyich left for Europe, where he met:

• In Switzerland - with G. Plekhanov,
• In Germany - In Liebknecht,
• In France - P. Lafargue.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Lenin, together with Trotsky, Martov, and other future revolutionaries, set about uniting individual Marxist groups and circles into the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class." The first task that Lenin set before his comrades-in-arms was the overthrow of the autocracy.

For active participation in anti-government activities, Vladimir Ulyanov was taken into custody in December 1895. For more than a year, while the investigation was ongoing, he served time in a St. Petersburg prison, and in 1897 he was in the Minusinsk district of the Yenisei province. At the same time, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya also went into exile, who was assigned the Ufa province as her place of departure. In order for Krupskaya to be allowed to come to Shushenskoye, Vladimir Ilyich had to get married, as required by Orthodox custom and Russian law.

In Siberia, the study "The Development of Capitalism in Russia", directed against populist theories, and more than 30 other books were written. He corresponded regularly with the Social Democrats of Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and other large Russian cities. Provided legal assistance to local farmers. In revolutionary circles, Vladimir Ilyich was known as K. Tulin.

On July 29, 1900, Lenin emigrated to Switzerland, where he began publishing a newspaper, and later a theoretical journal. The editorial board included Plekhanov, V. I. Zasulich, P. B. Axelrod, representing the emigrant group "Emancipation of Labor", and three representatives of the "Union of Struggle" - Lenin, Martov and Potresov.

The first issue of Iskra was printed on December 24, 1900. The revolutionary newspaper came out with a circulation of 8 to 10 thousand copies. In April 1901, Krupskaya also arrived in Munich.

In the fall of 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in the capital to lead the preparations for an armed uprising. During this period, 2 books were created:

• "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution",
• "To the rural poor".

In December 1905, the first conference of the RSDLP took place, at which Lenin met I. Stalin.

Lenin and Krupskaya returned to Geneva in 1908, where they lived until April 1917. After the defeat of the first revolution, he decided not to give up. "Broken armies learn well." They have been living in exile for 9 years. Just then, in 1909, it happens an important event in the biography of Lenin - acquaintance with Inessa Armand. They will be together for 11 years, until her death. However, he does not abandon Krupskaya. It is believed that Armand was his mistress all these years, although their relationship may have been platonic.

At the party conference of 1912 there was a final disengagement from the Mensheviks.

On May 5, 1912, the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda began to be published in St. Petersburg, which was first edited by Stalin, and later by Kamenev.

There is evidence that the Germans, the enemies of Russia in the First World War, were engaged in pre-revolutionary financing of the Bolsheviks. With their money, Lenin and his comrades launched active propaganda against the tsar and against (which was extremely important for Germany) the war.

After the February Revolution, the Germans send the leader and several of his comrades to Russia in a sealed wagon. There they were actively involved in political life, and in April 1917 Lenin put forward his famous ones.

In October 1917, Lenin led the revolution. In an address written on October 25 (old style), Lenin announced the overthrow of the provisional government. On the same day, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened, which approved the decrees on land and peace. At the congress, a new government was formed, headed by V. I. Lenin - the Council of People's Commissars.

On March 3, 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It was a humiliating treaty for Russia, but it provided a respite from the war. In protest against this treaty, the social revolutionaries left the government.

Fearing the capture of Petrograd by the Germans, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) relocated to Moscow. Since then, Moscow has regained the status of the capital, becoming the main city of the new state.

On August 30 of the same year, Lenin was committed. He was badly wounded. The Bolsheviks responded to this assassination attempt by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of 09/05/1918 "On the Red Terror". A few months earlier, on July 26, Lenin wrote that it was necessary to encourage the energy and mass character of terror against counter-revolutionaries.

On January 20, 1918, the Decree on Freedom of Conscience, Church and Religious Societies was adopted. According to this decree, all the property of church societies was declared public property. It was declared that “every citizen can profess any religion or not profess any. Any right deprivation associated with the confession of any faith or non-profession of any faith is canceled.

However, in fact, believers were persecuted at the level of party and public organizations, in schools and universities. Lenin himself actively hated Russian Orthodox Church, stigmatized her as "a department of police Orthodoxy." The church lost the rights of a legal entity, the representatives of the clergy lost their political rights and freedoms. Monasteries and churches were closed, property was nationalized. Since the beginning of 1922, a mass execution of clergy began. Even when he was ill, Lenin waged an uncompromising struggle with the church.

For the last 3 years, Lenin lived in Gorki. He couldn't work properly. The last time he publicly spoke on November 20, 1922 at the plenum of the Moscow City Council. His health was deteriorating, and presumably one of the reasons for this was the encroachment that took place in 1918, the other reason was his overwork. Doctors recognized that Lenin had atherosclerosis of blood vessels and their premature wear.

Now his body is in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.

Lenin is a world famous political figure, the leader of the Bolshevik Party (revolutionary), the founder of the state of the USSR. Who is Lenin, almost everyone knows. He is a follower of the great philosophers F. Engels and K. Marx.

Who is Lenin? Summary of his biography

Ulyanov Vladimir was born in Simbirsk in 1870. And in the city of Ulyanovsk he spent his childhood and youth.

From 1879 to 1887 he studied at the gymnasium. After graduating with a gold medal, Vladimir in 1887, together with his family, already without Ilya Nikolaevich (he died in January 1886), moved to live in Kazan. There he entered Kazan University.

In the same place, in 1887, for active participation in the gathering of students, he was expelled from the educational institution and exiled to the village of Kokushkino.

IN young man the patriotic spirit of protest against the tsarist system existing at that time and the oppression of the people awakened early.

The study of advanced Russian literature, the works of great writers (Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Pisarev) and especially Chernyshevsky led to the formation of his advanced revolutionary views. The elder brother introduced Vladimir to Marxist literature.

From that moment on, young Ulyanov devoted his entire future life to the struggle against the capitalist system, to the cause of the liberation of the people from oppression and slavery.

Ulyanov family

Knowing who Lenin is, one involuntarily wants to know in more detail what family such a brilliant, enlightened person came from.

Vladimir's parents, in their views, belonged to the Russian intelligentsia.

Grandfather - N. V. Ulyanov - from the serfs of the Nizhny Novgorod province, an ordinary tailor-craftsman. He died in poverty.

Father - I. N. Ulyanov - after graduating from Kazan University, he was a teacher in secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod. Subsequently, he worked as an inspector and director of schools in the province (Simbirsk). He loved his job very much.

Vladimir's mother - M. A. Ulyanova (Blank) - a doctor by education. She was gifted and had great abilities: she knew several foreign languages She played the piano well. She received her own education at home and, having passed an external exam, became a teacher. Dedicated to children.

Vladimir's elder brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed for participating in the attempt on the life of Alexander III in 1887.

Vladimir's sisters - A. I. Ulyanova (by her husband - Elizarova), M. I. Ulyanov, and brother D. I. Ulyanov at one time became prominent figures in the Communist Party.

Parents brought up in them honesty, diligence, attention and sensitivity to people, responsibility for their deeds, actions and words, and most importantly - a sense of duty.

Ulyanov library. The acquisition of knowledge

In the process of studying (with numerous awards) at the Simbirsk gymnasium, Vladimir received excellent knowledge.

In the home family library, the Ulyanovs had a huge number of works by great Russian writers - Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Gogol, Dobrolyubov, Tolstoy, Herzen, as well as foreign ones. There were editions of Shakespeare, Huxley, Darwin and many others. others

This advanced literature of those times had a great and important influence on the formation of the views of the young Ulyanovs on everything that happened.

Formation of personal political views, publication of the first political newspapers

In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ulyanov studied social democratic issues, was engaged in journalism and was fond of political economy.

Since 1895, the first attempts to travel abroad have been made. In the same year, Lenin traveled outside the country to establish good ties with the Emancipation of Labor group and other leaders of the European Social Democratic parties. In Switzerland, he met with GV Plekhanov. As a result, politicians from other countries learned about who Lenin was.

After the trips, Vladimir Ilyich, already in his homeland, organizes the party "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" (St. Petersburg, 1895).

After that, he was arrested and sent to the Yenisei province. Three years later, it was there that Vladimir Ilyich married N. Krupskaya and wrote many of his works.

Moreover, at that time he had several pseudonyms (except for the main one - Lenin): Karpov, Ilyin, Petrov, Frey.

Further development of revolutionary political activity

Lenin is the organizer of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP. Subsequently, he drew up the charter and plan of the party. Vladimir Ilyich, with the help of the revolution, tried to create a completely new society. During the revolution of 1907, Lenin was in Switzerland. The leadership then passed to him after the arrest of most of the party members.

After the next congress of the RSDLP (3rd), he was engaged in preparing an uprising and demonstrations. Although the uprising was crushed, Ulyanov did not stop working. He publishes "Pravda", writes new works. Who is Vladimir Lenin, at that time, many have already learned from his numerous publications.

The strengthening of new revolutionary organizations continues.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia again and led an uprising against the government. Goes underground to avoid arrest.

After the revolution (October 1917), Lenin began to live and work in Moscow in connection with the Central Committee of the party and government moving there from the city of Petrograd.

The results of the revolution of 1917

After the revolution, Lenin founds the proletarian Red Army, the 3rd Communist International and concludes a peace treaty with Germany. From now on, the country has a new economic policy, the direction of which is the growth of the national economy. Thus, a socialist state, the USSR, is being formed.

The overthrown exploiting classes turned against the new Soviet power struggle and terror. In August 1918, an assassination attempt was made on Lenin, he was wounded by F. E. Kaplan (Socialist-Revolutionary).

Who is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin for the people? After his death, the cult of his personality grew. Monuments to Lenin were laid everywhere, many urban and rural facilities were renamed in his honor. Many cultural and educational institutions (libraries, houses of culture) named after Lenin were opened. The mausoleum of the great Lenin in Moscow still keeps the body of the greatest political figure.

Last years

Lenin was a militant atheist and fought hard against the influence of the church. In 1922, taking advantage of the dire situation of famine in the Volga region, he called for the seizure of the valuables of churches.

Pretty hard work and an injury spoiled the health of the leader, and in the spring of 1922 he became seriously ill. Periodically, he returned to work. Last year its tragic. A serious illness prevented him from completing all his affairs. Here, between close associates, a struggle arose for the great "Leninist heritage."

He was able, overcoming illness, at the end of 1922 and at the beginning of February 1923, to dictate several articles and letters that made up his " political testament"for the Party Congress (12th).

In this letter, he proposed that I.V. Stalin be moved from the post of general secretary to another place. He was convinced that he would not be able to use his immense power carefully, as he should.

Shortly before his death, he moved to Gorki. The proletarian leader died in 1924, on January 21.

Relations with Stalin

Who is Stalin? Both Lenin and Iosif Vissarionovich worked together along the party line.

They met in person in 1905 at the RSDLP conference in Tammerfors. Until 1912, Lenin did not single him out among many party workers. Until 1922, there were more or less good relations between them, although disagreements often arose. Relations deteriorated greatly towards the end of 1922, as it is believed, in connection with Stalin's conflict with the leadership of Georgia ("Georgian case") and a small incident with Krupskaya.

After the death of the leader, the myth about the relationship between Stalin and Lenin changed several times: sometimes Stalin was one of Lenin's associates, then he became his student, then a faithful continuer of the great cause. And it turned out that the revolution began to have two leaders. Then Lenin turned out to be not so needed, and Stalin acted as the only leader.

Outcome. Who is Lenin? Briefly about the stages of its activity

Under the leadership of Lenin, a new state administrative apparatus was formed. The lands of the landowners were confiscated and nationalized along with transport, banks, industry, etc. The Soviet Red Army was created. Slavery and national oppression have been abolished. There were decrees on food issues. Lenin and his government fought for world peace. The leader introduced the principle of collective leadership. He became the leader of the international labor movement.

Who is Lenin? about this unique historical figure everyone should know. After the death of the great leader, people were brought up on the ideals of Vladimir Ilyich. And the results were good.

A few months later, he was expelled for active participation in student unrest, arrested and deported to a village near Kazan. (Later, in 1891, Lenin after self-study passed all the exams for the faculty of law at St. Petersburg University.) After staying in the village for about a year, Lenin returned to Kazan, began to study Marx's Capital and entered the Marxist revolutionary circle. In May 1889, Lenin moved to Samara, where he organized the first Marxist circle. Even then, Lenin amazed everyone with his deep knowledge of Marxism. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here in 1894 he wrote his brilliant work "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?".

In it, Lenin defeated the Narodniks, pointed to the leading role (hegemony) of the Russian working class in the struggle against tsarism and capitalism, for a victorious communist revolution, and for the first time put forward the idea of ​​a revolutionary alliance of workers and peasants as the main means of overthrowing tsarism, the landowners, and the bourgeoisie. Lenin saw that a proletarian party was needed to carry out these tasks. In 1895, he created the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, the germ of a revolutionary proletarian party in Russia. In December 1895, Lenin was arrested, imprisoned, and. then in 1897 he was exiled to Siberia, to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where N. K. Krupskaya went into exile.

V.I. Lenin in his student years.

When the revolution began in Russia in 1905, Lenin directed all the work of the Bolsheviks in leading the masses in the revolution. With his immortal work, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in a Democratic Revolution, Lenin enriched Marxism with a new theory of socialist revolution, he developed the theory of the development of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist revolution, laid the tactical foundations of the Bolshevik party. Lenin mercilessly exposed the Mensheviks and the most vile of them, Trotsky, who instilled in the workers disbelief in the forces of the working class, was opposed to the alliance of workers and peasants, and led the cause to disrupt the revolution.In order to directly lead the struggle of the working class in the revolution, Lenin returned to Russia in November 1905. Soon, at the Tammerfors Bolshevik Conference, Lenin met for the first time with Stalin, who was then leading the revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia.

After the defeat of the first Russian revolution, Lenin was forced to go abroad again in 1907, where he stayed for more than 9 years. IN hard years Stolypin reaction, in the face of the decline of the labor movement, the flight of intellectuals from the party, the attempts of the Mensheviks to liquidate the party, Lenin gathered the forces of the party in the struggle against anti-party trends in the labor movement. Lenin, fighting against the revisionists, degenerates in the field of Marxist theory, wrote his famous book Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. In this work, he defended the theoretical foundations of the Marxist party. Under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolsheviks convened the Prague Conference in January 1912, at which they expelled the Mensheviks from the party and formed a separate independent Bolshevik party. With the beginning of a new upsurge in the labor movement and the publication of the newspaper Pravda, in June 1912 Lenin moved from Paris to Krakow, closer to the border, in order to directly supervise all the work of the party. When the imperialist war began, Lenin was arrested by the Austrian police and was in prison for 11 days, and then went to Switzerland, where he lived until the February Revolution of 1917.

Lenin sharply and uncompromisingly opposed the war, exposing its predatory character. He called for turning the imperialist war into a civil one and put forward the slogan of defeating "his" governments in the imperialist war. Lenin exposed the betrayal of the leaders of the Second International, who, with the outbreak of the imperialist war, went over to the service of the bourgeoisie and became supporters of the war. He also exposed the latent social chauvinists - the so-called centrists - Kautsky, Trotsky and other traitors to Marxism who defended the interests of the imperialist bourgeoisie. From the very first days of the war, Lenin began to gather forces for the creation of a new, Third International. During the war (1916), Lenin wrote the book "Imperialism, as the Highest Stage of Capitalism", in which he gave the deepest Marxist analysis of imperialism. Based on his theory of imperialism, Lenin scientifically substantiated the possibility of the victory of socialism in one country and the impossibility of the simultaneous victory of socialism in all countries After the overthrow of the autocracy in February 1917, Lenin, despite the opposition of the imperialist governments, returned to Russia. Arriving in Petrograd on April 3, he was enthusiastically received by the working masses, who saw him as their leader. On April 4, at a meeting of Bolsheviks, Lenin announced his famous April Theses, in which he outlined the brilliant plan of the party's struggle for the transition from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution, putting forward the slogan: “All power to the Soviets.” On the basis of this plan, the Bolsheviks launched militant work to prepare socialist revolutions.

After the July days, the Provisional Government ordered the arrest of Lenin. The bourgeoisie, who madly hated Lenin, and their Mennevist-Socialist-Revolutionary agents decided to kill him. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, together with Trotsky, Kamenev, and Rykov, insisted on handing over Lenin to the authorities. Stalin insisted that Lenin go into hiding and leave Petrograd. While underground, Lenin continued to lead the party. During these days he wrote his remarkable book The State and Revolution, in which he further developed Marx's teaching on the dictatorship of the proletariat. In September 1917, in view of the enormous growth of Bolshevik influence among the masses, Lenin indicated that the uprising was ripe.

On October 7, Lenin returned to Petrograd, and on October 10, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, after Lenin's report, adopted his resolution on an armed uprising. On October 24, the Central Committee gave the signal for an uprising. Lenin became the head of the uprising. Together with Lenin, the victory of the October Socialist Revolution was organized by his faithful ally, Stalin. Under the banner of Lenin, the working class won the Great October Socialist Revolution. The Second Congress of Soviets enthusiastically adopted the historic decrees on peace and land written by Lenin and formed the world's first workers' and peasants' government - the Council of People's Commissars headed by Lenin. Under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet Government achieved the respite needed to strengthen Soviet Republic, making peace with Germany and defeating the Trotsky-Bukharin provocateurs of the war. Lenin built the Soviet state with a firm hand, suppressing the resistance of the overthrown classes - the bourgeoisie and the landowners. More than once the enemies of the people attempted on the life of Lenin. On August 30, 1918, Lenin was seriously wounded by a terrorist Social Revolutionary. This villainous attempt was organized with the complicity of Trotsky and Bukharin.

In the most difficult conditions, Lenin led the struggle of the workers and peasants for Soviet power and the independence of our homeland, against foreign interventionists and the White Guard hordes, and, directly leading the defense of the country, hand in hand with Stalin, organized the victory of the Red Army in the civil war. Under the leadership of Lenin, the workers and peasants liquidated the class of landlords, crushed the bourgeoisie, dealt a cruel blow to the kulaks. In the struggle against the enemies of the working class, in 1919 Lenin created the combat headquarters of the world working-class movement, the Communist International, and led the first congresses of the Comintern, where its ideological and organizational foundations were forged. After graduation civil war under the leadership of Lenin, the country's transition to peaceful work, to restore the national economy, was completed. The VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets in December 1920 adopted the Leninist plan for the electrification of the country. Lenin showed the way for a new economic policy which ensured the building of socialism in our country. More than once the Trotskyites, Bukharinites and other traitors, who later became agents of foreign intelligence, tried to undermine the unity of the Bolshevik Party and force it to deviate from the Leninist path.

Each time, under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolshevik Party dealt cruel blows to these agents class enemy in their ranks. At the suggestion of Lenin, the party adopted at the Tenth Congress in 1921 a resolution on the unity of the party - an iron law for the protection of the unity of the Bolshevik ranks.

Lenin's injury during the attempt on his life in 1918 and continuous hard work undermined his health. Beginning in 1922, Lenin was forced to interrupt his work more and more often. November 20, 1922 Lenin spoke at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. This was his last speech, which he ended with the words: "out of NEP Russia there will be socialist Russia." At the end of 1922, Lenin fell seriously ill. But even during his illness, he did not stop working for the benefit of the revolution, to which he devoted all his strength, his whole life. Being already seriously ill, Lenin wrote a number of important articles (“Pages from a Diary”), in which he summed up the work done and outlined a plan for building socialism in our country. On January 21, 1924, at 6:50 pm, Lenin died. The working people of the USSR and the whole world, with the deepest sorrow, saw off their father and teacher to the grave, best friend and defender - Lenin. The working class and peasantry of the Soviet country responded to Lenin's death by even greater rallying around the Leninist party. The banner of Lenin was raised high and carried on by the Bolshevik Party. Faithful successor and great continuer of the work and teachings of Lenin - Stalin in the days of mourning Lenin, on behalf of the Bolshevik Party, took a great oath at the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR - to fulfill, sparing no effort, Lenin's precepts. The Bolshevik Party fulfilled this great oath of Stalin with honor. Under the leadership of Stalin, the Bolsheviks achieved that in Soviet country socialism won.

Lenin - the greatest statesman and political figure in the history of mankind, a mighty leader and organizer of the revolutionary struggle and victories of the working class, his brilliant theoretician, the coryphaeus of science - in the new conditions of the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution raised the revolutionary theory of Marx to the highest level. Lenin's teaching summarizes the gigantic experience of the proletariat in its struggle to overthrow the capitalist system and to build a new, socialist society. The richest theoretical heritage of Lenin is invaluable. Major works Lenin translated into all major languages ​​of the world.

Marxism-Leninism illuminates for the proletarians and working people of the whole world the path of struggle for the abolition of all exploitation, for the happiness of mankind.

Listen to the poem Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Part 1:
Mayakovsky V.V. 1925

Listen to the poem Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Part 2:
Mayakovsky V.V. 1925
FROM THE BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONICLE OF VI LENIN. PERSONAL EVENTS
1870, 10 (22) April. Born in Simbirsk in the family of the inspector of public schools I.N.Ulyanov and the daughter of the doctor M.A.Ulyanova, nee Blank. He is their fourth child.

1886, 12 (24) January. Death of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov from a cerebral hemorrhage. 15 (27) January. Participates in the funeral of his father. September 19 (October 1). Approval by the Simbirsk District Court of the inheritance rights to movable property of I.N. Ulyanova - M.A. Ulyanova in one fourth part, daughters Olga and Maria in one eighth part and sons Alexander, Vladimir and Dmitry in one sixth part.

1887, 8 (20) May. In the courtyard of the Shlisselburg prison, A.I. Ulyanov, convicted in the case of the attempt on Alexander III, was executed along with four associates.

June 10 (22). The Pedagogical Council of the Simbirsk Gymnasium awards V.I. Ulyanov a certificate of maturity and awards him a gold medal. August 10 (22). The director of the Simbirsk gymnasium, F.M. Kerensky, sends to Kazan University the characteristics of those who graduated from the gymnasium; among them is the characteristic of V.I. Ulyanov.

11 (23) August. F. M. Kerensky sends the list of students who have graduated from the VIII grade and have “moral maturity” to the manager of the Kazan educational district; V.I. Ulyanov was named among them.

4 (16) December. Participates in a student meeting at Kazan University, organized in support of student protests that began in Moscow against the reactionary university charter. Hands over his entrance ticket to the university.

December 5 (17). He writes a petition to the rector of Kazan University to expel him from the number of students due to the inability to continue his education under the existing conditions of university life.

1889, January-February. M.A. Ulyanova acquires with the money received from the sale of a house in Simbirsk, a small farm in the Samara province of Bogdanovskaya volost near the village of Alapaevka.

November 15 (27). The test committee of the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University awards V.I. Ulyanov, after passing the external exams, a diploma of the first degree.

1894, end of February. He meets N.K. Krupskaya in St. Petersburg at the apartment of engineer Klasson during a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists.

1898, 8 (20) January. He asks in a telegram to the director of the police department to allow his fiancee N.K. Krupskaya to serve a link in the village of Shushenskoye.

7 (19) June. Reported by M.A. Ulyanova about the postponement of the wedding with N.K. Krupskaya due to the absence necessary documents. Early July. The Police Department puts forward as a condition for living with N.K. Krupskaya in Shushenskoye the immediate conclusion of a church marriage with her.

1909. V.I.Lenin and N.K.Krupskaya get acquainted with I.F.Armand during her arrival from Brussels to Paris.

1915, beginning of March. The death in Switzerland of the mother of N.K. Krupskaya - Elizaveta Vasilievna.

March 10 (23). Participates with N.K. Krupskaya in the funeral of her mother at the Bremgarten cemetery in Bern (Switzerland).

1916, 12 (25) July. The death of the mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova in Petrograd at the age of 82. V.I. Lenin learns about this in Zurich (Switzerland).

1917, April 4 (17). Upon arrival from Switzerland, he visits the graves of his mother, Maria Alexandrovna, and his sister, Olga Ilyinichna, at the Volkovo cemetery in Petrograd.

1919, March 13. Takes part in the funeral of M.T. Elizarov, the husband of her elder sister, A.I. Ulyanova-Yelizarova, at the Volkovo Cemetery in Petrograd.

1922, April 23. Professor N. Rozanov in the Botkin hospital in Moscow extracts a bullet from the body of V.I. Lenin, with which he was wounded on August 30, 1918. The end of May. General weakness, loss of speech, a sharp weakening of the movement of the right limbs, which lasted three weeks. December 16th. Second cerebral hemorrhage. Paralysis of the right arm and right leg.

1923, March 10. Third cerebral hemorrhage. Severe paralysis of the right half of the body and loss of speech.

March 14th. A government report is published, which indicates that the state of health of V.I. Lenin was followed by a significant deterioration, in view of which the government recognized the need to establish the publication of medical bulletins about his state of health.

1924, January 21. The fourth hemorrhage in the brain in the region of the quadrigemina. The death of V.I. Lenin at 6:50 p.m. in Gorki near Moscow.

January 27th. The sarcophagus with the body of V.I. Lenin is installed in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.

PUBLIC POSTS HELD BY V.I. LENIN
1917, night of 26 to 27 October. Elected by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets as head of the Soviet government - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

1918, beginning of July. The 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopts the Constitution of the RSFSR, which clarifies the status of the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, which is occupied by V.I. Lenin. November 30th. At the plenary meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is approved, the Council is given full rights in the matter of mobilizing the forces and means of the country for its defense. V.I. Lenin is approved as the Chairman of the Council.

1920, April. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense is transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) of the RSFSR under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin.

1923, 6 July. The session of the Central Executive Committee elects V.I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. July 7th The session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR elects V.I. Lenin as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. July 17th. The Council of Labor and Defense under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is being created under the chairmanship of V.I. Lenin.

CONGRESSES OF THE PARTY HELD UNDER THE SOVIET AUTHORITY WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF V.I. LENINA
1918, March 6–8. VII emergency congress of the party. Questions about the revision of the Party Program, about the new name of the party - RCP(b). The controversy about the Brest peace.
1919, March 18–23. VIII Party Congress. VI Lenin delivers a report to the Central Committee on the work in the countryside, on the military issue. Adoption of the second Party Program.
1920, March 29 - April 5. IX Party Congress. The immediate tasks of economic construction and the question of cooperation were discussed.
1921, March 8–16 X Party Congress. Questions about the replacement of apportionment by taxes in kind, about the unity of the Party. Adoption of the NEP.
1922, March 27 - April 2. XI Party Congress. In the report of the Central Committee, V.I. Lenin declares that the retreat is over, that the alliance between the working class and the peasantry is being strengthened. Thesis: "who - whom."

Source of information: A.A. Dantsev. Rulers of Russia: XX century. Rostov-on-Don, publishing house "Phoenix", 2000.

Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Biography

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (real name - Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924)
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
Biography
Russian political and statesman, "the successor to the work of K. Marx and F. Engels", the organizer of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the founder of the Soviet socialist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22 (April 10, according to the old style), 1870, in Simbirsk, in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. Grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - N.V. Ulyanov; was a serf in the Nizhny Novgorod province, later - a tailor-craftsman in Astrakhan. Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov; After graduating from Kazan University, he taught at secondary educational institutions Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, was later appointed inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank); the doctor's daughter, having received a home education, passed the external exams for the title of teacher; buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. Elder brother - Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov; in 1887 he was executed for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. The younger brother is Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov. Sisters - Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova (Ulyanova-Elizarova) and Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova. All the children of the Ulyanov family connected their lives with the revolutionary movement.
In 1879-1887 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk Gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University, but in December 1887 he was arrested for active participation in the revolutionary gathering of students, expelled from the university as a relative of the executed brother of the People's Will and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. In October 1888, Vladimir Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the second half of August 1890 he visited Moscow for the first time. In 1891, at St. Petersburg University, he passed the exams as an external student in the program of the Faculty of Law, and on January 14, 1892, Vladimir Ulyanov received a diploma of the 1st degree. In 1889 the Ulyanov family moved to Samara, where Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov began working as an assistant barrister and organized a circle of Marxists. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students. Institute of Technology. In 1895 he published under the pseudonym K. Tulin. In April 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland, he met G.V. Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue. In September 1895, returning from abroad, he visited Vilnius, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuevo. In the autumn of 1895, on the initiative and under the leadership of V.I. Ulyanov, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. For participation in the organization of the Social Democratic Party in December 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested, and in February 1897 he was exiled for three years to Siberia - to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. Together with him, as a bride, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was also sent, also sentenced to exile for active revolutionary work. In 1898, while in Shushenskoye, N.K. Krupskaya, with whom V.I. Ulyanov met in 1894, became his wife. In exile, Ulyanov wrote over 30 works. In 1898, the First Congress of the RSDLP took place in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of a Social Democratic Party in Russia and publishing the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1899 Ulyanov published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin". Among his pseudonyms were V. Frei, Iv. Petrov, Karpov and others. On February 10 (January 29, according to the old style), 1900, after the exile, Ulyanov left Shushenskoye. In July 1900 he went abroad, where he set up the publication of the Iskra newspaper, becoming its editor. In 1900-1905 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, one of his articles published in the Zarya magazine was first signed with the pseudonym "Lenin" (according to other sources, the pseudonym "Lenin" first appeared in January 1901 in a letter addressed to G.V. Plekhanov). In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held, at which the Bolshevik Party was practically created, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who wrote the Rules of the RSDLP and the Party Program demanding the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist transformation of society, headed the left (“Bolshevik”) wing of the party. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov first used the term "Leninism" ("Struggle against the "state of siege" in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party"). On November 21 (November 8, according to the old style), 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he took up the leadership of the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, the preparation of an armed uprising, and the activities of the Bolshevik newspapers Vpered, Proletary, " New life ". In two years, he changed 21 safe houses. Avoiding arrest, in August 1906 Lenin moved to the Vaza dacha in the village of Kuokkala (Finland). In 1907, he unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vyborg, Stockholm, London, Stuttgart. In December 1907 he again emigrated to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris).In December 1910, the newspaper Zvezda began to be published in St. style on April 22) 1912, the first issue of the daily legal Bolshevik working-class newspaper Pravda was published. To train cadres of party workers, in 1911 Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, in Prague, under his leadership, a 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP.In June 1912, Lenin moved to Krakow, from where he directed the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma and directed the work of the bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia.From October 1905 to 1912, Lenin was the representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau 2nd International, leading a delegation of the Bolsheviks, took part in the work of the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) international socialist congresses. August 8 (Old Style July 26), 1914 Lenin, who was in Poronin (the territory of Austria-Hungary), was arrested by the Austrian authorities on suspicion of spying for Russia and imprisoned in the city of Novy Targ, but on August 19 (Old Style 6 August), thanks to the assistance of the Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, was released. On September 5 (August 23, according to the old style), he left for Bern (Switzerland), and in February 1916 he moved to Zurich, where he lived until April (until March, according to the old style), 1917. Lenin learned about the victory of the February Revolution in Petrograd from Swiss newspapers from March 15 (Old Style March 2), 1917. April 16 (Old Style 3), 1917 Lenin returned from exile to Petrograd. A solemn meeting took place on the platform of the Finlyandsky railway station and he was presented with party card No. 600 of the Bolshevik organization of the Vyborg side. From April to July 1917 he wrote more than 170 articles, pamphlets, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. On July 20 (Old Style July 7) the Provisional Government ordered Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, according to the old style), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut across Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Yalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). In early October 1917, Lenin illegally returned from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (October 10, according to the old style), at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, the Central Committee adopted a resolution on an armed uprising. On November 6 (October 24, according to the old style), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded to immediately go on the offensive, arrest the Provisional Government and take power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. On November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. For 124 days of the "Smolnin period" he wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 various All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, on March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. In July 1918, he led the suppression of the Armed Action of the Left SRs. On August 30, 1918, after the end of the rally at the Michelson plant, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Social Revolutionary F.E. Kaplan. In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy (NEP). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP(b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. Last thing public speaking Lenin was November 20, 1922 at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, Lenin's health deteriorated sharply again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. The last time in Moscow was on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. In the evening Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
On January 23, the coffin with the body of Lenin was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum specially built on Red Square (architect A.V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. The delegation of the city (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. In 1923 the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the V.I. Lenin, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels, a single Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin was formed under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (later the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). More than 30 thousand documents are stored in the Central Party Archive of this institute, the author of which is V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Winston Churchill wrote about Lenin: "Not a single Asian conqueror, neither Tamerlane nor Genghis Khan, enjoyed such fame as he did. An implacable avenger, growing out of the peace of cold compassion, sanity, understanding of reality. His weapon is logic, his disposition of the soul - Opportunism His sympathies are cold and wide like the Arctic Ocean His hatred is tight like a hangman's noose His destiny is to save the world His method is to blow up this world Absolute adherence to principles, at the same time readiness to change principles... He subverted everything. He subverted God, king, country, morality, court, debts, rent, interests, laws and customs of centuries, he subverted the whole historical structure, such as human society. In the end, he overthrew himself... Lenin's intellect was overthrown at the moment when its destructive power was exhausted and the independent, self-healing functions of his quest began to appear. He alone could lead Russia out of the quagmire... The Russian people were left to wallow in the swamp. Their greatest misfortune was his birth, but their next misfortune was his death" (Churchill W.S., The Aftermath; The World Crisis. 1918-1928; New York, 1929).
Lenin was one of the main organizers of the "Red Terror", which took on the most brutal and mass forms in 1919-1920, the liquidation of opposition parties and their press organs, which led to the emergence of a one-party system, repressions against "socially alien elements" - the nobility, entrepreneurs, clergy, intelligentsia, the expulsion from the country of its prominent representatives who disagreed with the policy of the new government, was the initiator and ideologist of the policy of "war communism" and "new economic policy". Author of the State Plan for the Electrification of the Country (GOELRO), in accordance with which several power plants were built. On the initiative of Lenin, a plan for monumental propaganda was developed: in accordance with the decree "On the Monuments of the Republic" (April 12, 1918), with the personal participation of Lenin, the demolition of "old" monuments in the Kremlin and other places in Moscow began, as well as the destruction of churches; at the same time, monuments to revolutionary figures were erected.
"In 1919, law faculties were liquidated at universities, and in 1921 the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros) abolished the historical and philological sciences as obsolete and useless for the dictatorship of the proletariat. [...] By February 5, 1922, 143 private publishing houses were registered in Moscow. After reading about this in the newspaper Izvestia, Lenin demanded that the Chekists collect systematic information about all professors and writers. "All these obvious counter-revolutionaries are accomplices of the Entente, an organization of its servants and spies and molesters of student youth; almost all of them are the most legitimate candidates for deportation abroad. They must be caught constantly and systematically deported". [...] May 19 (1922) the leader sent to Moscow instructions "On the expulsion abroad of writers and professors who help the counter-revolution", inscribing on the envelope: "comrade Dzerzhinsky. Personally, secretly, sew up." Ten days later he suffered a stroke. By August 18, 1922, the seriously ill Ilyich was handed over the first list of those arrested, who were announced a decision on expulsion and a warning that unauthorized entry into the USSR was punishable by execution. Lenin then said to the attending physician: "Today is perhaps the first day that my head did not hurt at all." [...] The first group of exiles received in history the name "philosophical ship". [...] It was allowed to take with you per person: one winter and one summer coat, one suit, two shirts, one sheet. No jewelry, not even pectoral crosses, not a single book. Train Moscow - Petrograd. Then many hours of loading onto the German steamer "Oberburgomaster Haken": they call out a name from the ladder, enter one by one into the control booth, interrogation and search, by touch, through the dress ... " . "There were several ships and not one train. They left for several months [...] until the end of the year. [...] in addition to those expelled from Moscow and Petrograd, there was a group of people expelled from Kiev, from Odessa, from Novorossiysk University , and there were, according to Trotsky's later confession, about 60 people expelled from Georgia.
“From the famine of 1920-1922, according to official figures, more than five million people died. Unthinkable cannibalism flourished throughout the country. I came across absolutely amazing notes, though not in the Soviet press, that brutal starving people in the Volga region ate representatives of the ARA - an American relief organization headed by Hoover, the future president of the United States, it saved an unknown number of millions of people from starvation in the country.According to the assumptions of the same Bolsheviks, at least 20 million people should have died from starvation, only five died.The Bolsheviks believed that in In any case, the same Trotsky almost did not hide this, that the fewer eaters, the easier it will be for the country. (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power")“Having created famine in the country by mass seizure of grain from the peasantry, the leader of the revolution wrote to Molotov: “It is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, that we can (and therefore must) carry out the seizure of church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy, not stopping at suppressing any kind of resistance. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any resistance. (E. Olshanskaya, broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)“We must not forget that Lenin by that time was already just a delusional patient. In fact, he should have been considered in 1922 as an insane patient. In 1922, rumors spread throughout Moscow that Lenin was ill with syphilis, that he had progressive paralysis, that he delusional and, as even idle people said, he is persecuted by the Mother of God for all the troubles that he caused the country.In the same 1922, the foreign press actively discussed what Lenin was ill with, and came to the conclusion that those doctors who treated him, and those doctors who talked about the neurasthenic syndrome in the leader, in fact, concealed the fact that behind this neurasthenic syndrome lies one and only disease - progressive paralysis ... Progressive paralysis has one peculiarity, this is precisely the contingent of patients who, when -something overwhelmed the psychiatric departments of various clinics.As soon as the patient showed the first signs of progressive paralysis, this patient was immediately recognized as insane, even if he retained external signs sanity and capacity. I cannot say from what time Vladimir Ilyich should be declared insane. In 1903, Krupskaya saw him have a rash, from which he suffered greatly, a lot indicates that this rash, most likely, was of syphilitic origin, but the appearance of a rash already means secondary syphilis. After 1903, he developed tertiary syphilis with gradual vascular damage. He did not undergo appropriate examination and treatment, including by psychiatrists. The psychiatrist Osipov was on duty with him continuously, that is, he simply lived in Gorki from 1923, and before that the Germans came to him, and one of the first to come was the famous Foerster, one of the largest specialists in neurosyphilis. It was Foerster who prescribed him anti-syphilitic therapy, which was described in detail in all medical diaries at that time. A long time ago, psychiatrists noticed one amazing thing, that progressive paralysis, before bringing a person to complete insanity, gives him the opportunity for incredible productivity and performance. Such excess energy can indeed be noted in Lenin in 1917-1918, even in 1919. But starting from 1920, headaches, some kind of dizziness, attacks of weakness and loss of consciousness, incomprehensible to doctors, were increasingly common. That is, in any case, 1922 is the time of Lenin's already very serious illness, with repeated strokes, impaired consciousness, with repeated episodes of hallucinations and simply delirium described by the same doctors. [...] French psychiatry once described a very curious syndrome, it was called "insanity together". If there was a madman in a family, then the spouse sooner or later became imbued with the ideas of this madman, and it was already difficult to distinguish which of them was more crazy. As a result, if the madman himself temporarily recovered, that is, if a remission occurred, then the person induced by this madman could still keep these ideas intact. I cannot rule out that this very curious syndrome can be extended to large masses of people. I do not rule out that Lenin simply induced his closest associates with his nonsense, and then with the help of Soviet propaganda, which, it must be said, worked perfectly, these ideas were introduced into the consciousness of the entire population. And thus, Soviet civilization took place." (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power"; broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)
Among the works of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are letters, articles, brochures, books: "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?" (1894), "The economic content of populism and criticism of it in the book of Mr. Struve (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)" (1894-1895), "Materials on the question of the economic development of Russia" (1895; article in the collection under the pseudonym "Tulin" ), "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899; the book was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Economic studies and articles" (1899; the collection of articles was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Protest of Russian social Democrats" (1899), "What to do? Painful questions of our movement" (1902; pamphlet), " Agricultural program Russian Social Democracy" (1902), "The National Question in Our Program" (1903), "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back" (1904), "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution" (August 1905), "Party Organization and Party Literature" (1905), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909), "Critical Notes on the National Question" (1913), "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" (1914), "Imperialism, as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1916) , "Philosophical Notebooks", "War and Russian Social Democracy" (Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), "On the National Pride of the Great Russians", "The Collapse of the Second International", "Socialism and War", "On the Slogan of the United States of Europe", "Military Program proletarian revolution", "Results of the discussion on self-determination", "On the caricature of Marxism and "imperialist economism", "Letters from afar" (1917), "On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution" ("April Theses"; 1917), " Political position"(1917; theses), "To the Slogans" (1917), "State and Revolution" (1917), "The Threatening Catastrophe and How to Fight It" (1917), "Will the Bolsheviks Retain State Power?" (1917), " The Bolsheviks must take power" (1917), "Marxism and the uprising" (1917), "The crisis is ripe" (1917), "Advice from an outsider" (1917), "How to organize competition?" (December 1917), "Declaration of the Rights of the Worker and exploited people" (January 1918; taken as the basis of the first Soviet Constitution of 1918), "Immediate Tasks of Soviet Power" (1918), "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (autumn 1918), "Theses of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in connection with the situation of the Eastern Front" (April 1919), "The Great Initiative" (June 1919), "Economics and Politics in the Era of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" (autumn 1919), "From the Destruction of the Age-old Way of Life to the Creation of a New One" (spring 1920), "Children's Disease of "Leftism" in Communism" (1920), "On Proletarian Culture" (1920), "On the Food Tax (The Significance of the New Policy and Its Conditions)" (1921), "On the Fourth Anniversary of the October Revolution" (1921), "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922), "On the formation of the USSR" (1922), "Pages from a diary" (December 1922), "On cooperation" (December 1922), "On our revolution" (December 1922), "How can we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal XII party congress)" (December 1922), "Less is better" (December 1922)
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Information sources:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg", Encyclopedia "Moscow", Biographical Dictionary " Political figures Russia 1917", Encyclopedia of Russian-American Relations, Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, encyclopedic Dictionary"The history of homeland")
Elena Olshanskaya, Irina Lagutina: program "Lenin's List"; July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty, magazine "Krugozor" Viktor Topolyansky. “Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power, M. 1996 "Russian Biographical Dictionary"
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