Federal State Educational Standard (FSES)- a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and area of ​​training, approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education. For educational standards adopted before 2009, the name “State Educational Standards” was applied. Until 2000, before the adoption of state standards for each level of general education and specialty (area of ​​training) of vocational education, within the framework of the general state educational standard, state requirements were applied to the minimum content of the level of graduate training for each level of education and specialty.

Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Education are mandatory for use by all universities in the Russian Federation that have state accreditation. In accordance with the Federal Law of November 10, 2009 No. 259-FZ “On Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and St. Petersburg State University” and the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosova, St. Petersburg State University, educational organizations of higher education in respect of which the category “federal university” or “national research university” is established, as well as federal state educational organizations of higher education, the list of which is approved by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, has the right to develop and independently approve educational standards at all levels of higher education. Requirements for the conditions for the implementation and results of mastering educational programs of higher education, included in such educational standards, cannot be lower than the corresponding requirements of federal state educational standards.

GEF goals

Federal state educational standards provide:

• unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation;
• continuity of the main educational programs of preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (full) general, primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher professional education.
• spiritual and moral development and education

Federal state educational standards establish terms for obtaining general education and vocational education, taking into account various forms of education, educational technologies and the characteristics of individual categories of students.

The standard is the basis for:

• development of exemplary basic educational programs;
• development of programs of educational subjects, courses, educational literature, control and measuring materials;
• organizing the educational process in educational institutions that implement the basic educational program in accordance with the standard, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and subordination;
• development of standards for financial support of educational activities of educational institutions implementing the main educational program, formation of state (municipal) assignments for educational institutions;
• exercising control and supervision over compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education;
• conducting state (final) and intermediate certification of students;
• building a system of internal monitoring of the quality of education in an educational institution;
• organizing the activities of methodological services;
• certification of teaching staff and administrative and managerial personnel of state and municipal educational institutions;
• organizing training, professional retraining and advanced training of education workers.

Structure of the Federal State Educational Standard

Each standard, in accordance with Federal Law No. 273-FZ of December 29, 2012, includes 3 types of requirements:

• requirements for the structure of the main educational programs, including requirements for the ratio of parts of the main educational program and their volume, as well as the ratio of the mandatory part of the main educational program and the part formed by participants in the educational process;
• requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs, including personnel, financial, material, technical and other conditions;
• requirements for the results of mastering basic educational programs.

Higher education should develop students’ general cultural and professional competencies. The previous, second, generation of the Federal State Educational Standard was developed in 2005.

Implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard in the educational process

To implement each Federal State Educational Standard, an educational institution must develop a basic educational program (BEP), including a curriculum, academic calendar, work programs of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and teaching materials.

Generations of state educational standards

General education standards:

• first generation standards (adopted in 2004 and called state educational standards);
• second generation standards (were adopted - for primary general education (grades 1-4) on October 6, 2009, for basic general education (grades 5-9) on December 17, 2010, for secondary (complete) general education (grades 10-11) May 17, 2012). These standards are focused on results and the development of universal learning activities.

Standards of higher professional education:

• first generation standards (approved since 2000 and called state educational standards);
• second generation standards (approved since 2005 and called state educational standards), aimed at students acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities;
• third generation standards (approved since 2009), according to which higher education should develop general cultural and professional competencies in students.

Until 2000, a unified state standard of higher professional education was applied, which was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 12, 1994 No. 940 and determined:

• structure of higher professional education, documents on higher education;
• general requirements for basic professional educational programs of higher professional education and the conditions for their implementation;
• general standards for the academic workload of a student at a higher educational institution and its volume;
• academic freedoms of a higher educational institution in determining the content of higher professional education;
• general requirements for the list of areas (specialties) of higher professional education;
• the procedure for developing and approving state requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates in specific areas (specialties) of higher professional education as a federal component;
• rules of state control over compliance with the requirements of the state educational standard of higher professional education.

For each area of ​​training (specialty), state requirements were adopted for the minimum content and level of training of graduates.

From September 1, 2013, in accordance with the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” dated December 29, 2012 No. 273, new generation standards must be approved, including for higher education programs - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, in accordance with the new law, as well as for preschool education, for which Federal state educational requirements for the structure of the basic general education program of preschool education were previously provided.

Development of Federal State Educational Standards

Standards can be developed according to educational levels, stages of education, professions, areas of training, specialties and are replaced with new ones at least once every 10 years.

Federal state educational standards for general education are developed according to levels of education; federal state educational standards for vocational education can also be developed according to professions, specialties and areas of training at the corresponding levels of vocational education.

When forming federal state educational standards for vocational education, the provisions of the relevant professional standards are taken into account.

The development of the Federal State Educational Standard is carried out taking into account the current and future needs of the individual, the development of society and the state, its defense and security, education, science, culture, engineering and technology, economics and social sphere in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on placing orders for the supply of goods, fulfillment works, provision of services for state or municipal needs.

Federal State Educational Standards of higher professional education are developed by educational and methodological associations of universities in the relevant areas of training (specialties).

Draft standards are sent to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, which posts them on its official website on the Internet for discussion with the participation of representatives of interested executive authorities, state and public associations operating in the education system, leading educational and scientific institutions, scientific and pedagogical communities, employers' associations and institutions of public participation in education management, and sends them for independent examination.

An independent examination of draft standards is carried out within 14 days from the date of their receipt from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation:

• associations of employers, organizations operating in relevant sectors of the economy - on draft standards for primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher education;
• institutions of public participation in the management of education, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising management in the field of education - on draft standards of general education;
• The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies in which federal law provides for military service - on draft standards for secondary (complete) general education, secondary vocational education in terms of issues related to the preparation of citizens for military service.

Based on the results of the independent examination, an expert opinion, signed by the head of the organization or body that conducted the examination, or a person authorized by him, is sent to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Draft Federal State Educational Standards, comments and expert opinions on them are discussed by the Council of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on Federal State Educational Standards, which decides to recommend the draft standard for approval, or for revision, or for rejection. After receiving the council's decision, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation makes its own decision regarding the approval of the standard.

Amendments to the Federal State Educational Standards are carried out in the same manner as the adoption of the Federal State Educational Standards themselves.

The procedure for adopting the Federal State Educational Standard is carried out in accordance with the Rules for the development and approval of federal state educational standards, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education are developed by educational and methodological associations of universities in education in the relevant areas of training and their base universities.

In connection with the adoption of the new law on education and amendments to the Labor Code, introducing the concept of a professional standard for each profession (professional field), it is planned to develop a Federal State Educational Standard taking into account the provisions of professional standards.

History of the development of educational standards in Russia

For the first time, the concept of an educational standard in Russia appeared in 1992 with the introduction of the RF Law “On Education”, Article 7 of which was devoted to state educational standards. In the original version of the law, the standard of general education was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, but in connection with the adoption of the 1993 Constitution, this provision was repealed, and the functions of adopting educational standards were transferred to executive authorities in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. During the period when it had the right to approve the educational standard, the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation never approved it.

According to the former Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Eduard Dmitrievich Dneprov, a significant step back - towards unitarism in education - was made by the draft amendments, removing from the law the concept of “national-regional component” of state educational standards and replacing it with a “regional component” (Article 7, p. 1; Article 29, paragraph 2e). This trend was also visible in the basic curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education in 1993. The increased standardization of education by 1996 caused resistance from the teaching community, expressed in strikes and protests by employees of the education system.

As amended by the developers of the Law “On Education” in 1992, the educational standard, or rather its federal component, consisted of five elements:

• educational goals at each level of education
• requirements for the basic content of basic educational programs
• maximum permissible volume of classroom teaching load
• requirements for the level of training of students graduating from various levels of school
• requirements for the conditions of the educational process

Under pressure from supporters of the subject-methodological approach, this edition was deformed by deputies of the relevant committee of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and reduced to a three-part formula: “a mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs, a maximum volume of students’ workload, requirements for the level of training of graduates” (among which the following were wrongfully included): finishing primary school).

As a result of this, from Article 7 of the law on educational standards:

• the target block disappeared from the standards;
• requirements for the basic content of basic educational programs were replaced by a “mandatory minimum,” that is, the same traditional list of subject topics; as a result, the standard turned into a regular set of subject programs;
• the concept of maximum permissible classroom load disappeared, which is by no means adequate to the concept of maximum load in general;
• Requirements for the conditions of the educational process have disappeared from the standard.

The three-dimensionality of the federal component of the educational standard that remained in the law, according to E. D. Dneprov, “soon turned out to be clearly insufficient, inadequate either to the needs of educational practice or to the demands of the development of education legislation itself. That is why, already with the adoption of the Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” in 1996, this narrow legislative norm was scrapped and a partial return to the original intent of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”. In paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the university law, “requirements for the mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs” and “conditions for their implementation” appeared again. Thus, returning to the roots, this law took two significant steps forward in the interpretation of the educational standard. Attention was again paid to the conditions for the implementation of educational programs and requirements for their mandatory minimum were introduced, which no longer made it possible to reduce this minimum to a banal list of subject topics.”

The mandatory adoption of the federal state educational standard was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in an all-Russian vote on December 12, 1993.

In 1993-1999, temporary educational standards and federal components of the state educational standard were developed.

Since 2000, state educational standards of the first generation (for general education) and the first and second generations (for higher education) began to be developed.

In history, the development of state standards for general education has four stages: 1993-1996, 1997-1998 and 2002-2003, 2010-2011. At each of these stages, the motives for developing standards changed. In the first two - insignificantly, within the framework of general and educational policy. On the third and fourth - radically, in line with personality-oriented and activity-developmental pedagogy.

With the adoption of amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” in 2009, standards of a new generation began to be developed - federal state educational standards. They became federal. The standards of previous generations were not essentially federal state educational standards, but were only its components.

Criticism of educational standards

The former Minister of Education of the Russian Federation E.D. Dneprov openly criticizes the ideas embodied in educational standards, who dedicated the book “The Recent Political History of Russian Education: Experience and Lessons” to the issue of standardization of education.

I. I. Kalina, Minister of the Moscow Government, Head of the Moscow Department of Education, is critical of the problem of education standardization.

There are a number of publications that note that the ideas and approaches stated by the developers of the standards are not actually implemented in them. This is especially true for the Federal State Educational Standards of secondary vocational education, which are based on a competency-based approach.

Educational standards in other countries

• In the United States, educational standards have been used since the 1980s as part of results-oriented education reform (English)Russian. graduating students in many American schools. Because the US educational system is decentralized, most educational issues are decided by local governments. Educational standards and programs are usually set by each state independently. The federal government is mainly involved only in funding education. Each state legislature shall establish a general minimum standard of proficiency for state schools. Only 22 states have established lists of recommended books.
• In Germany, educational standards began to be developed in 1970 after the PISA study showed the low level of education in the country. German standards are focused on developing key skills and competencies in students without overcrowding the curriculum with unnecessary knowledge. Standards for school education have been mandatory since 2004. In many ways, educational standards are of a framework nature, and the federal states fill them with their own content.

Federal State Educational Standard - what is it? Educational standard requirements

Probably every person wants to give their child a quality education. But how can you determine the level of training if you have nothing to do with pedagogy? Of course, with the help of the Federal State Educational Standard.

What is Federal State Educational Standard

For each education system and educational institution, a list of mandatory requirements has been approved aimed at determining each level of training in a profession or specialty. These requirements are combined within the framework of the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES), which is approved by authorities authorized to regulate policy in the field of education.

The implementation and results of mastering programs in state educational institutions cannot be lower than those specified in the Federal State Educational Standard.

In addition, Russian education assumes that without mastering the standards it will be impossible to obtain a state document. The Federal State Educational Standard is a certain basis thanks to which a student has the opportunity to move from one level of education to another, as if on a ladder.

Goals

Federal state educational standards are designed to ensure the integrity of the educational space of Russia; continuity of the main programs of preschool, primary, secondary, vocational and higher education.

In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard is responsible for aspects of spiritual and moral development and education.

The requirements of the educational standard include strict deadlines for obtaining general education and vocational education, taking into account all possible forms of training and educational technologies.

The basis for the development of indicative educational programs; programs of academic subjects, courses, literature, test materials; The standards for the financial supply of educational activities of specialized institutions implementing the educational program are the Federal State Educational Standard.

What is the standard for public education? First of all, these are the principles of organizing the educational process in institutions (kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.). Without the Federal State Educational Standard it is impossible to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the educational field, as well as to conduct final and intermediate certification of students.

It is worth noting that one of the goals of the Federal State Educational Standard is internal monitoring of the quality of education. With the help of standards, the activities of methodological specialists are organized, as well as the certification of teaching staff and other personnel of educational institutions.

Training, retraining and advanced training of education workers are also within the sphere of influence of state standards.

Structure and implementation

Federal law stipulates that each standard must include three types of requirements.

Firstly, the requirements for the structure of educational programs (the ratio of parts of the main program and their volume, the ratio of the mandatory part and the share that is formed by the participants in the educational process).

Secondly, the implementation conditions are also subject to stringent requirements (including personnel, financial, technical).

Thirdly, the result. The entire educational program should develop certain (including professional) competencies in students. The GEF lesson is designed to teach you how to apply all acquired skills and knowledge and act successfully on their basis.

Of course, this standard is not the constitution of all educational institutions. This is just the beginning of the vertical, with the main recommendation positions. At the federal level, on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard, an approximate educational program is being developed, focusing on local specifics. And then educational institutions bring this program to perfection (even interested parents can participate in the last process, which is regulated by law). Thus, Russian education from a methodological point of view can be represented in the form of a diagram:

Standard - an exemplary program at the federal level - a program of an educational institution.

The last point includes aspects such as:

• syllabus;
• calendar schedule;
• work programs;
• assessment materials;
• methodological recommendations for subjects.

Generations and differences in Federal State Educational Standards

They knew what a state standard was back in Soviet times, since strict regulations existed even then. But this particular document appeared and came into force only in the 2000s.

The Federal State Educational Standard was previously called simply the educational standard. The so-called first generation came into force in 2004. The second generation was developed in 2009 (for primary education), in 2010 (for basic general education), in 2012 (for secondary education).

GOST standards for higher education were developed in 2000. The second generation, which came into force in 2005, was aimed at students receiving ZUMs. Since 2009, new standards have been developed aimed at developing general cultural and professional competencies.

Until 2000, for each specialty, a minimum of knowledge and skills that a person graduating from a university should have was determined. Later these requirements became more stringent.

Modernization of public education continues to this day. In 2013, the Law “On Education” was issued, according to which new programs for higher vocational and preschool education are being developed. Among other things, the clause on the preparation of scientific and teaching staff was firmly included there.

How do the old standards differ from the Federal State Educational Standard? What are next generation standards?

The main distinguishing feature is that in modern education the development of the personality of pupils (students) is put at the forefront. Generalizing concepts (Abilities, skills, knowledge) disappeared from the text of the document and were replaced by more clear requirements, for example, real types of activities that every student must master were formulated. Great attention is paid to subject, interdisciplinary and personal results.

To achieve these goals, previously existing forms and types of training were revised, and an innovative educational space for classes (lessons, courses) was put into operation.

Thanks to the changes introduced, the student of the new generation is a free-thinking person, capable of setting goals for himself, solving important problems, creatively developed and able to adequately relate to reality.

Who develops standards?

Standards are replaced with new ones at least once every ten years.

The Federal State Educational Standards of general education are developed according to levels of education; the Federal State Educational Standards of vocational education can also be developed according to specialties, professions and areas of training.

The development of the Federal State Educational Standard is carried out taking into account:

• acute and long-term needs of the individual;
• development of the state and society;
• education;
• culture;
• Sciences;
• technology;
• economics and social sphere.

The educational and methodological association of universities is developing the Federal State Educational Standard for higher education. Their project is sent to the Ministry of Education, where discussion takes place, edits and adjustments are made, and then submitted for independent examination for a period of no more than two weeks.

The expert opinion is returned to the Ministry. And again a wave of discussions is launched by the council on the Federal State Educational Standard, which decides whether to approve the project, send it for revision or reject it.

If changes need to be made to the document, it goes through the same path from the very beginning.

Elementary education

The Federal State Educational Standard is a set of requirements necessary for the implementation of primary education. The three main ones are results, structure and conditions of implementation. All of them are determined by age and individual characteristics, and are considered from the point of view of laying the foundation for all education.

The first part of the standard indicates the period for mastering the basic elementary program. It is four years.

It provides:

• equal educational opportunities for all;
• spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren;
• continuity of all preschool and school education programs;
• preservation, development and mastery of the culture of a multinational country;
• democratization of education;
• formation of criteria for assessing the activities of students and teachers4
• conditions for the development of individual personality and the creation of special learning conditions (for gifted children, children with disabilities).

The training program is based on a systemic activity approach. But the primary education program itself is developed by the methodological council of the educational institution.

The second part of the Federal State Educational Standard outlines clear requirements for the outcome of the educational process. Including personal, meta-subject and subject learning outcomes.

1. Formation of ideas about the diversity of the country's linguistic space.
2. Understanding that language is an integral part of national culture.
3. Formation of a positive attitude towards correct speech (and writing) as part of the general culture.
4. Mastery of the primary norms of the language.

The third part determines the structure of primary education (curriculum, extracurricular activities, programs of individual subjects, which includes thematic planning according to the Federal State Educational Standard).

The fourth part contains requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the educational process (personnel, finance, logistics).

Secondary (complete) education

The first part of the standard on requirements is partially repeated and echoes the Federal State Educational Standard on primary education. Significant differences appear in the second section, which deals with learning outcomes. The necessary standards for mastering certain subjects are also indicated, including the Russian language, literature, foreign language, history, social studies, geography and others.

Emphasis is placed on the personal development of students, highlighting such main points as:

• education of patriotism, assimilation of the values ​​of a multinational country;
• formation of a worldview that corresponds to the level of reality;
• mastering the norms of social life;
• development of an aesthetic understanding of the world, etc.

The requirements for the structure of educational activities have also been modified. But the sections remained the same: target, content and organizational.

Higher levels

The Federal State Educational Standard for secondary vocational and higher education is built on the same principles. Their differences are obvious; the requirements for the structure, result and conditions of implementation cannot be the same for different educational levels.

Secondary vocational education is based on a competency-based approach, i.e. people are given not just knowledge, but the ability to manage this knowledge. When leaving an educational institution, a graduate should say not “I know what,” but “I know how.”

Based on the generally accepted Federal State Educational Standard, each educational institution develops its own program, focusing on the profile focus of the college or university, the availability of certain material and technical capabilities, etc.

The Methodological Council takes into account all recommendations of the Ministry of Education and acts strictly under its guidance. However, the adoption of programs for specific educational institutions is the responsibility of local authorities and the education department of the region (republic, territory).

Educational institutions must take into account and implement recommendations regarding teaching materials (for example, Federal State Educational Standards textbooks have taken their rightful place in libraries), thematic planning, etc.

Criticism

On the way to approval, the Federal State Educational Standard went through many amendments, but even in its current form, the education reform receives a huge amount of criticism, and received even more.

In fact, in the minds of the developers of the standard, it was supposed to lead to the unification of all Russian education. But everything turned out the other way around. Some found advantages in this document, others found disadvantages. Many teachers, accustomed to traditional teaching, found it difficult to switch to new standards. The Federal State Educational Standards textbooks raised questions. However, you can find positive aspects in everything. Modern society does not stand still; education must change and changes depending on its needs.

One of the main complaints against the Federal State Educational Standard was its lengthy formulations, the lack of clear tasks and real requirements that would be presented to students. Entire opposing groups emerged. According to the Federal State Educational Standard, everyone was required to study, but no one gave explanations on how to do this. And teachers and teaching specialists had to cope with this locally, including everything necessary in the program of their educational institution.

Topics on the Federal State Educational Standard have been raised and will continue to be raised, since the old principles, in which knowledge was the main thing in education, have become very firmly entrenched in everyone’s life. New standards, in which professional and social competencies predominate, will find their opponents for a long time.

Bottom line

The development of the Federal State Educational Standard turned out to be inevitable. Like everything new, this standard has caused a lot of controversy. However, the reform took place. To understand whether it is successful or not, at a minimum, you need to wait until the first graduation of students. Interim results are uninformative in this regard.

At the moment, only one thing is certain - more work for teachers.

An educational standard is... Federal State Educational Standards (FSES)

An educational standard is a set of standards required for pedagogical activity at a certain level or for a field of training, specialty and profession. It is approved by the authorized executive body. We knew the standards adopted before 2009 as GOS. Until 2000, standards and minimum levels of graduate training were applied for each level and specialty. Let us further consider what the Federal Educational Standard is today.

Development history

In 1992, the concept of an educational standard first appeared. This definition was recorded in the industry Federal Law. Art. 7 was entirely devoted to state educational standards. In the original version of the law, the standards were adopted by the Supreme Council of the country. However, in 1993 the Constitution was adopted, and therefore this provision was terminated. The functions of adopting state standards were assigned to executive bodies in the manner prescribed by the government. At the same time, it is worth saying that the Supreme Council, for all the time it had the right to approve the standard, never used it.

Structure

The educational process with the introduction of new standards and minimums was initially proposed to be built on 5 components. This:

1. Goals of pedagogical activity at each level.
2. Standards for the basic content of basic programs.
3. The maximum permissible volume of classroom teaching load.
4. Standards for preparing students at different school levels.
5. Requirements for training conditions.

However, supporters of the subject-methodological approach insisted on changing this structure. As a result, the federal component of the standard was reduced to a three-part form:

1. Minimum OOP content.
2. Maximum volume of study load.
3. Standards for the level of training of graduates.

Moreover, the latter also included children graduating from primary school. Thus, from the mentioned Art. 7, several elements disappeared, and a number of others were replaced:

1. The target block has been eliminated.
2. Requirements for the main content of OOP were replaced by “mandatory minimums,” that is, in fact, the same standard list of topics. As a result, the educational standard was, in fact, an ordinary set of subject plans.
3. The concept of maximum permissible load has disappeared, which is not equivalent to the concept of maximum load.
4. Requirements for training conditions have been removed.

Criticism and changes

Former Minister of Education E.D. Dneprov said that the “three-dimensional” state standard is an insufficient, inadequate scheme. It did not satisfy the needs of teaching practice. In addition, such a system did not correspond to the development needs of the legislation itself. In this regard, already in 1996, after the adoption of the Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education,” there was a partial return to the original plan. In paragraph 2 of Art. 5 of this law, standards appeared on the minimum content of PDO, as well as on the conditions for their implementation. The normative act thus paid attention to the order in which the educational process takes place.

Stages

Between 1993 and 1999 temporary standards and federal components of state standards were developed and applied. In 2000, the standards of the first - for general education, the first and second generation - for GPs were approved. In general, the development went through 4 stages: from 1993 to 1996, from 1997 to 1998, from 2002 to 2003. and from 2010 to 2011 At each stage, the motives for the approval and goals of the standards themselves, as well as the focus of the work of teachers during their implementation, changed. The adjustments in the first two stages were minor and were within the limits of general education policy. In the third and fourth stages, the changes were dramatic. They were introduced in line with activity-developmental and personality-oriented pedagogy. A new educational standard began to be developed in 2009.

Formation of a system of standards

Federal State Educational Standards requirements can be developed according to:

1. Levels.
2. Steps.
3. Directions.
4. Specialties.

Replacement (revision) of standards must be carried out at least once every 10 years. State educational standards for general education are developed by level. Vocational training standards are also established for specialties, areas, professions in accordance with the level at which the student is located. The requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard are determined in accordance with the current and future needs of the individual, the development of the state and society, defense and security of the country, engineering and technology, science and culture, social and economic spheres. The development of standards is carried out in the manner established in the legislation regulating the placement of orders for the performance of work, the supply of goods, and the provision of services for municipal and state needs. Educational standards of higher education are determined by the educational and methodological departments of universities in the relevant specialties (areas of training).

Coordination and examination

The basic educational standard is approved after the project is sent to the Ministry of Education and Science. The Ministry posts the received materials for discussion on its own official website. It involves representatives of interested executive structures, public and government associations working in the field of education, advanced scientific and pedagogical institutions, communities, associations and other organizations. After discussion, the project is sent for independent examination.

Stakeholders

An independent examination is carried out within 14 days from the date of receipt of materials from the Ministry of Education and Science. The interested parties performing the inspection are:

1. Institutes for citizen participation in education management, executive structures of regional authorities - according to draft standards of the educational program.
2. The Ministry of Defense and other bodies in which the law provides for military service - according to the standards of complete (secondary) general education, secondary vocational education in terms of preparing students for service in the ranks of the Armed Forces.
3. Associations of employers, legal entities operating in relevant economic sectors - according to draft standards for secondary and primary vocational training and higher education.

Adoption

Based on the results of the independent audit, a conclusion is sent to the Ministry of Education and Science. It is signed by the head of the body or organization that conducted the inspection, or another authorized person. Expert opinions, comments, and draft Federal State Educational Standards are discussed in the council of the ministry. He makes a decision on recommending the project for approval, revision or rejection. The resolution is sent to the Ministry of Education and Science. The Ministry makes its own final decision on the Federal State Educational Standard. Amendments, additions, and changes to the approved standards are carried out in the same manner as their adoption.

Goals

The key task performed by the educational standard is the formation of a unified pedagogical space in the country. The regulations also have the following objectives:

1. Spiritual and moral education and development.
2. Continuity of educational programs in preschool, primary, basic, full school, as well as primary, secondary and university vocational education.

The standards establish the terms of training, taking into account its various forms, pedagogical technologies, and the characteristics of certain categories of students.

Application

The federal educational standard serves as the basis for:

1. Organization of teaching activities in educational institutions that implement educational programs in accordance with the approved standards, regardless of the organizational and legal form and subordination.
2. Development of sample curricula, programs for subjects and courses, testing and measuring materials, educational publications.
3. Carrying out control and supervisory activities aimed at verifying compliance with legislation in the field of teaching activities.
4. Development of standards for financial support of educational activities of institutions implementing educational programs.
5. Formation of municipal or state assignments for educational institutions.
6. Certification of teachers and employees of the administrative and managerial apparatus of municipal and government agencies.
7. Organization of internal monitoring of the quality of teaching activities.
8. Conducting intermediate and final certification of students.
9. Organization of training, advanced training, professional retraining of teaching staff.

Introduction into teaching activities

How are Federal State Educational Standards implemented in practice? Programs that operate in educational institutions must be drawn up in accordance with approved standards. Their development is carried out directly by institutions. Programs formed according to the Federal State Educational Standard include:

1. Syllabus.
2. Calendar schedule.
3. Working subject programs.
4. Plans for courses, modules (disciplines), and other components.
5. Methodological and evaluation materials.

Generations

The first general education standards were introduced in 2004. The second generation of standards was adopted:

1. For 1-4 grades. - in 2009
2. For 5-9 grades. - in 2010
3. For 10-11 grades. - in 2012

They were aimed at the result, formation and development of students’ learning skills. The first generation of higher vocational education standards was approved in 2003. The following standards were introduced in 2005. They were focused on the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by students. The third generation of standards has been approved since 2009. In accordance with them, higher education institutions must develop professional and general cultural competencies in students.

EGS VPO

Until 2000, a unified state standard for higher professional education was in force. It was approved by government decree. This standard defined:

1. The structure of university vocational training.
2. Documents about the military office.
3. General requirements for basic vocational education areas and conditions for their implementation.
4. Volume and standards of student workload.
5. Academic freedom of the university in determining the content of higher education.
6. General requirements for the list of specialties (directions) of vocational training.
7. The procedure in accordance with which standards are developed and approved for the minimum content and level of training of students in specific professions.
8. Rules for state control of compliance with the requirements of the state standard of higher professional education.

Since 2013, in accordance with Federal Law No. 273, more progressive standards must be established. New standards are being introduced, among other things, for areas of university education related to the training of scientific and pedagogical workers. Standards are also being developed for preschool education and development. Previously, state federal educational minimums were in effect for them. The standards applied directly to the structure of the preschool education program.

The Federal State Educational Standard is... Definition, goals and structure

The federal educational standard is a document that contains certain requirements for the educational process. It was compiled for preschool educational institutions, schools, secondary specialized institutions, as well as for higher education. The federal educational standard contains norms and requirements for the process of training and education. It includes certain recommendations for the development of educational programs for Russian educational institutions.

Appearance time

The Federal State Educational Standard was developed in 2003. First, innovations affected preschool educational institutions, then they moved to schools, colleges, institutes and universities.

When drawing up the Federal State Educational Standard, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as the Constitution of the Russian Federation, was taken into account. Why do we need standards in Russian education?

Relevance of updates

Why do we need an education standard? The state educational standard was developed to systematize and unify the educational process. The document gave the teacher the opportunity to organize his activities so that each child had the opportunity to develop along a certain trajectory. The developers took into account the psychological characteristics of each age, as well as the requirements for modern education dictated by society.

The Federal State Educational Standard of Education has become the main document; on its basis, curricula in various disciplines are being developed. It is in it that it is indicated what and how exactly children need to be taught, what results should be achieved, and deadlines are defined.

The federal educational standard of general education is necessary for planning the work of Russian educational institutions; it is reflected in their financing. The Federal State Educational Standard contains a section regarding the frequency of professional development for employees, retraining for teachers, and also determines the algorithm for the activities of subject methodological associations. An educational standard is a document on the basis of which forms and methods for monitoring the level of training of schoolchildren are developed.

Federal State Educational Standard in preschool education

Among the distinctive characteristics of the new educational standard, it is necessary to highlight an innovative approach to the educational process. If in the classical system the process of transferring knowledge from teacher to child was considered as the main task, now it is much more important to form a holistic, harmoniously developed personality, capable of self-education and self-learning.

The new state educational standard in preschool education programs involves focusing on the social adaptation of pupils.

The program takes into account the following factors:

• regional features for the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard;
• technical and material base of the preschool educational institution;
• forms, specifics, teaching methods in each preschool institution;
• social order of the territory;
• individual and age characteristics of children.

The general educational standard also presupposes compliance with certain conditions in preschool educational institutions. The educational program used in kindergarten should not contradict the Law “On Education”, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, or various regional orders. It should help preserve and strengthen the physical health of schoolchildren, guarantee the relationship between the teacher and the family, and form in preschoolers a positive attitude towards the learning process.

New educational standards in education provide equal opportunities for development to all children, regardless of social status, religious and ethnic affiliation, or place of residence.

The purpose of the educational program according to the Federal State Educational Standard

Since the new educational standard is the main document, it also indicates the main goal of preschool education. It lies in the formation of a harmonious personality of the child. Children while in preschool institutions should receive a certain supply of theoretical information. Educators place the main emphasis on developing communication skills in preschoolers and developing independence. At preschool educational institutions, optimal conditions are created that allow students to demonstrate individual abilities and improve themselves.

Of course, in order to get the desired result, the child must have a certain amount of knowledge.

An educational standard is a document that specifies all the main criteria by which a preschool graduate is assessed. Nowadays, the tasks of a teacher do not include teaching children reading, writing skills, and mathematics. It is much more important to instill in your child the ability to communicate with peers, develop logical thinking, develop perseverance, and have a positive attitude toward learning at school.

The preschool educational standard is a document that sets out the guidelines of the Federal State Educational Standard of the Preschool Educational Institution.

Areas of knowledge according to the new standards

If we analyze preschool education, we can distinguish five areas of activity. Cognitive development involves the formation in preschoolers of a persistent cognitive interest in social and natural phenomena.

Speech direction is associated with the ability of preschool children to build correct speech. Artistic and aesthetic development involves introducing children to musical and artistic works, developing fine motor skills during classes, and creating conditions for the manifestation of individual creative characteristics.

In the socio-psychological section, it is expected that schoolchildren will adapt to life in a class group, instill in the child communicative skills, and create a favorable climate for development.

The physical direction involves conducting health procedures, sports activities, and familiarization with the rules of safe behavior.

Targets

The new standards eliminate endless final and intermediate assessments of knowledge in preschool institutions. It is necessary to check not memorized facts, but to assess the psychological readiness of a preschooler for subsequent schooling. That is why the Federal State Educational Standards guidelines for preschool educational institutions were formulated, which make it possible to determine the child’s mood for entering first grade.

The child must have a positive attitude towards himself, the people around him, and the world. During his stay in a preschool educational institution, he must learn independence, initiative, and become familiar with the norms, rules, and requirements of society. According to age characteristics, a preschooler must have developed speech skills, gross and fine motor skills, developed observation and curiosity.

Federal State Educational Standard at school

In connection with the significant changes that have occurred in society, the need has arisen to modernize Russian education. First, the second generation standards were introduced at the primary level of education to ensure continuity with preschool educational institutions.

The Federal State Educational Standard is the basis through which every Russian schoolchild has a real chance to gradually move along individual educational trajectories, gaining new knowledge, practical skills and abilities.

Feature of innovation

After the introduction of second-generation state standards at the middle and senior levels of education, teachers have a real guideline for the development of educational programs, training courses, independent work and tests. In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard makes it possible to monitor compliance by state educational institutions with the legislative framework of the Russian Federation and conduct intermediate and final certification of students in schools.

Methodological basis

The new standard has become the basis for internal monitoring of the quality of Russian education. Thanks to the updated standards, retraining, training, and advanced training of workers in the education system are being carried out. Federal law has established that each standard must have three main types of requirements. First of all, these are certain requirements for the structure of the educational program: volume, ratio of compulsory and variable parts.

The Federal State Educational Standard pays special attention to the conditions created for the successful implementation of the educational process: financial, personnel, technical equipment.

Second generation educational standards include the result of learning in each academic discipline included in the mandatory minimum of Russian education.

Conclusion

The Federal State Educational Standard is aimed at developing a sense of patriotism and pride in their country in the younger generation. If in the classical educational system attention was paid only to the formation of theoretical knowledge and the mechanical transfer of information from teacher to child, then in the updated standard special attention is paid to the development of the harmonious personality of the student.

In addition to educational activities, extracurricular work with the younger generation is highlighted separately. The Federal State Educational Standard makes it possible to increase the number of school clubs, sections, research and design clubs, and to involve children in active extracurricular activities.

Despite the fact that the updated standards caused a huge resonance among teaching staff, they have already demonstrated their validity and timeliness. The main resistance to the introduction of second-generation standards into preschool and school institutions was provided by experienced teachers who did not want to change their authoritarian teaching system or introduce new educational and educational methods.

Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education

Application

I. General provisions

1. The Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education (hereinafter referred to as the Standard) is a set of requirements mandatory for the implementation of the basic educational program of primary general education by educational institutions that have state accreditation.1

The standard includes the requirements:

to the results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education;

to the structure of the main educational program of primary general education, including requirements for the ratio of parts of the main educational program and their volume, as well as the ratio of the mandatory part of the main educational program and the part formed by participants in the educational process;

to the conditions for the implementation of the basic educational program of primary general education, including personnel, financial, material, technical and other conditions.

Requirements for the results, structure and conditions for mastering the basic educational program of primary general education take into account the age and individual characteristics of students at the level of primary general education, the intrinsic value of the level of primary general education as the foundation of all subsequent education.

2. The standard takes into account the educational needs of children with disabilities.2

3. The standard is the basis for an objective assessment of the level of education of students at the level of primary general education.

4. The standard period for mastering the basic educational program of primary general education is four years.3

5. The standard was developed taking into account the regional, national and ethnocultural needs of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

6. The standard is aimed at ensuring:

equal opportunities to receive high-quality primary general education;

spiritual and moral development and education of students at the stage of primary general education, the formation of their civic identity as the basis for the development of civil society;

continuity of the main educational programs of preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (full) general, primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher professional education;

preservation and development of the cultural diversity and linguistic heritage of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, the right to study their native language, the opportunity to receive primary general education in their native language, mastering the spiritual values ​​and culture of the multinational people of Russia;

the unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation in the context of the diversity of educational systems and types of educational institutions;

democratization of education and all educational activities, including through the development of forms of state and public management, expanding opportunities for teachers to exercise the right to choose teaching and upbringing methods, methods for assessing the knowledge of students, pupils, the use of various forms of educational activities of students, developing the culture of the educational environment of the educational institutions;

forming a criteria-based assessment of the results of students mastering the basic educational program of primary general education, the activities of teaching staff, educational institutions, and the functioning of the education system as a whole;

conditions for the effective implementation and mastery by students of the basic educational program of primary general education, including ensuring conditions for the individual development of all students, especially those who are most in need of special educational conditions - gifted children and children with disabilities.

7. The Standard is based on a system-activity approach, which assumes:

education and development of personal qualities that meet the requirements of the information society, innovative economy, the tasks of building a democratic civil society based on tolerance, dialogue of cultures and respect for the multinational, multicultural and multi-confessional composition of Russian society;

transition to a strategy of social design and construction in the education system based on the development of content and educational technologies that determine the ways and means of achieving a socially desired level (result) of personal and cognitive development of students;

orientation to the results of education as a system-forming component of the Standard, where the development of the student’s personality based on the mastery of universal educational actions, knowledge and mastery of the world is the goal and main result of education;

recognition of the decisive role of the content of education, methods of organizing educational activities and interaction of participants in the educational process in achieving the goals of personal, social and cognitive development of students;

taking into account the individual age, psychological and physiological characteristics of students, the role and significance of activities and forms of communication to determine the goals of education and upbringing and ways to achieve them;

ensuring continuity of preschool, primary general, basic and secondary (complete) general education;

a variety of organizational forms and taking into account the individual characteristics of each student (including gifted children and children with disabilities), ensuring the growth of creative potential, cognitive motives, enrichment of forms of interaction with peers and adults in cognitive activity;

guarantee of achieving the planned results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education, which creates the basis for students’ independent successful acquisition of new knowledge, skills, competencies, types and methods of activity.

8. In accordance with the Standard, at the level of primary general education the following is carried out:

formation of the foundations of civic identity and worldview of students;

formation of the foundations of the ability to learn and the ability to organize one’s activities - the ability to accept, maintain goals and follow them in educational activities, plan one’s activities, monitor and evaluate them, interact with the teacher and peers in the educational process;

spiritual and moral development and education of students, providing for their acceptance of moral standards, ethical guidelines, and national values;

strengthening the physical and spiritual health of students.

The standard is focused on developing the personal characteristics of a graduate (“portrait of a primary school graduate”) :

loving his people, his land and his homeland;

respects and accepts the values ​​of family and society;

inquisitive, actively and interestedly exploring the world;

possesses the basics of learning skills and is capable of organizing his own activities;

ready to act independently and be responsible for their actions to family and society;

friendly, able to listen and hear the interlocutor, justify his position, express his opinion;

following the rules of a healthy and safe lifestyle for themselves and others.

State standard of general education

State standard of general education- part of state educational standards, norms and requirements that determine the mandatory minimum content of basic educational programs of general education, the maximum volume of students’ teaching load, the level of training of graduates of educational institutions, as well as the basic requirements for ensuring the educational process (including its material and technical, educational and laboratory, information and methodological, personnel support).

The purpose of the state standard of general education is to ensure:

• equal opportunities for all citizens to receive quality education;
• unity of the educational space in the Russian Federation;
• protecting students from overload and maintaining their mental and physical health;
• continuity of educational programs at different levels of general education, opportunities for obtaining professional education;
• social protection of students;
• social and professional protection of teaching staff;
• the rights of citizens to receive complete and reliable information about state standards and requirements for the content of general education and the level of training of graduates of educational institutions;
• basis for calculating federal standards for financial costs for the provision of services in the field of general education, as well as for distinguishing educational services in the field of general education financed from the budget and from consumer funds, and for determining the requirements for educational institutions implementing the state standard of general education .

The state guarantees universal access and free general education in educational institutions within the limits determined by the state standard of general education.

The state standard of general education is the basis:

• development of the federal basic curriculum, educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education, basic curricula of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, curricula of educational institutions, model programs in academic subjects;
• objective assessment of the level of training of graduates of educational institutions;
• objective assessment of the activities of educational institutions;
• determining the volume of budget funding for educational services, the provision of which to citizens free of charge is guaranteed by the state throughout the Russian Federation;
• establishing the equivalence (nostrification) of documents on general education on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• establishing federal requirements for educational institutions in terms of equipment for the educational process and equipment for classrooms.

The first generation state standard of general education included three components:

• federal component - established by the Russian Federation (at least 75 percent of the total standard time allocated for mastering educational programs of general education is allocated);
• regional (national-regional) component - established by the subject of the Russian Federation (at least 10 percent of the total standard time allocated for mastering educational programs of general education is allocated);
• component of an educational institution - is independently established by the educational institution (at least 10 percent of the total standard time allocated for mastering educational programs of general education is allocated).

Since 2001, when the experiment on the transition to 12-year education began, a 4th component was introduced - student: consultations, motor classes, etc. But they do not relate to the maximum educational load, therefore they are optional for students.

The order approving the federal state educational standard (FSES) for secondary (complete) general education was signed before his resignation by the Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation A.A. Fursenko on May 17, 2012 and registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice on June 7, 2012.

A detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the standard, as well as the history of the adoption of the second generation Federal State Educational Standard for primary, secondary and high school, is given in the article Educational standard for high school: achievement or disaster?