Hotels in Yuzovka appeared about twenty years after the foundation of the village. Which of them was the very first - we do not know yet, but from the available documents for 1892 it can be seen that at the beginning there was a Davlitsar inn. He was on the site in front of the Lache pharmacy (Artem, 5). Since Yuzovka was not a city until 1917, according to the law, the right to maintain inns outside the cities, in order to provide accommodation and food, was given to everyone without special permission and without paying excise tax to the treasury. It was allowed to sell alcohol only in taverns. The British only in 1889 began to own the surrounding lands. Gradually, they also established the work of a bazaar office - an institution that collected taxes from local entrepreneurs. As a result of the cholera riot of 1892, the inn and the tavern standing next to it burned down. But Davlitsar did not despair and did not quit the business. Especially since it appeared new form for the convenience of visitors, the combination of all possible services - a hotel.

After some time, Davlitsar - full name Dzhikhan-Girey-Selim - changed his surname to Davlitsarov, built the hotel "Europe", it is also "European". Address: 1st line, 7 (on the site of the Leman-trans building). By 1912, Davlitsarov had a partner - H. Akhvarev. In addition to the hotel business, they carried out remote trade in the Garden of the Novorossiysk Society (modern City Garden).

In the newspaper publications available to us, "Europe" appears. In the autumn of 1901, it is mentioned in connection with the closing of the summer season in the Garden of the Novorossiysk Society: “The garden is closed and the keepers of the buffet left the pavilions empty and moved to “Europe”. Now all their attention is focused on how to get the most out of "separate offices". Located on the second floor, about 25 rooms are almost not occupied, because. dirt and an ugly rumble from the first floor makes visitors seek shelter in other hotels. But already the first floor sells well. Here, deep after midnight, loud voices of drunk Savras are heard from “separate rooms” to the accompaniment of a virtuoso who delights the ear with beautiful piano playing and once captivated residents and visitors of almost all lines of our Yuzovka with his art.

Hotel "Europe" or "European", photo 1942

From an advertisement in 1912, it is known that the hotel had a restaurant and rooms with electric lighting. The guests were provided with a bath and a telephone. A ladies' orchestra played in the restaurant, and the gourmet cuisine was supervised by an experienced chef. The ad describes the hotel as first class. Rooms cost from 1 to 3 rubles per night.

At the turn of the century, there was a hotel in Yuzovka called "Warsaw Rooms". It was owned by Zeiger unknown to us. The numbers got into the newspaper chronicle because of the incident with the guest: “A terrible incident happened the other day in one of the local hotels. A certain A. Tamarkin, a lumber merchant, having arrived from Bakhmut, stayed at the Warsaw Rooms in Zeiger.

Tired on the road, Mr. Tamarkin went to bed early in the evening, having previously ordered to heat the stove, because it was cold in the room. The next morning, at about 10 o'clock, the innkeeper was surprised that the guest had not yet got up. This circumstance forced the host to go to wake up the overslept guest, but after knocking decently on the door of the room he occupied, he did not get an answer from there. There was a suspicion that something was wrong. With the help of a license plate number and several other strangers, the door was broken down and the following picture presented itself to the eyes of those present: the bed was completely wrinkled, and in the corner of the room lay crouched, with eyes bulging, almost the corpse of Mr. Tamarkin. A doctor was immediately sent for, and Mr. Herman, who arrived, ascertained the fact of the intoxication from the stove in the room; as it turned out later, the pipe was closed before the fire went out. After examining the stricken man and finding signs of life in him, Mr. Herman began to bring him to his senses. Quite a long time passed, until, thanks to the efforts of the doctor, little by little the pissed man began to show vitality and after a while he was brought to his senses.

The doctor, Mr. Herman, states that if medical assistance had been provided ten minutes later, all efforts would have come to nothing and death would have been inevitable.

Brought to his senses and regained consciousness, Mr. Tamarkin complained of a terrible headache and pain all over his body. G. Tamarkin says that he woke up at night and, feeling a severe headache, wanted to get out of bed, but could not do it and fell to the floor in exhaustion; how he ended up in the corner of the room, he does not remember. Unfortunately, we do not know where the Warsaw Numbers were located. But, they found information about the doctor who saved Tamarkin. German Mikhel Psakheevich (1866 -?) received the title of doctor in 1891. From 1895 to 1907 - Voluntary practitioner Yuzovka, since 1908 assistant at the university clinic (pediatrician). According to 1924, he worked there.

The most famous Yuzovsky hotel was "Great Britain", built at the intersection of Sredny Prospekt.

"Hotel "October" ("Great Britain"). Donetsk, 1967

After the events civil war the building housed various economic organizations until the city authorities realized that the city did not have enough places for visitors. By that time the street had been renamed. At the address Novomartenovskaya, 40, the hotel "October" was opened. During the war, the invaders used it as a brothel, and set it on fire during the retreat. The building was restored by 1948 and began to be used for its original purpose. In post-perestroika times, the first name was returned to her. The hotel was perhaps the largest in the village. The hotel was owned by Chaim Srulevich Sobolev, who, in addition to the hotel business, had a mineral water plant, a timber warehouse and a cinema, located next to the hotel.

The hotel got into newspaper chronicles and memoirs. In the autumn of 1904, the “Azov Region” wrote: “Dirt, soot and smoke ... The sights of Yuzovka, which is known for its factory and commercial and industrial activities. However, among the above-mentioned “charms” of local life, it is necessary to rank the open debauchery that flourishes here, the cultivation of which, obviously, the restaurant at the Great Britain Hotel is occupied with great success. The ladies of the orchestra, constantly being in the hall of the restaurant in the company of drinking men and to the pleasure of the restaurateur, contribute to the prosperity of his affairs, behave very frankly. Right there, before the eyes of the audience present in the hall, “flirtations” take place with complete shamelessness and cynical speech hangs in the air. Such nice pictures quite clearly, of course, indicate exactly what goals the orchestra performing in the restaurant serves. True, no one would protest against these outrages in the restaurant, if the latter had the appropriate name and, thus, the public would be warned about the nature of this type of institution ... But the Great Britain restaurant is the only first-class restaurant in Yuzovka, and many visitors, unfamiliar in advance with the inner life of the restaurant, are involuntarily forced to be spectators of the ugly scenes taking place in it. This filth, in a more naked form, of course, also takes place in the rooms at the restaurant, from where the echoes of orgies often reach the ears of the public present in the hall ... Is it really impossible to take measures to eliminate all this?

Women's musical groups, apparently, a newfangled invention of the time. Whether the correspondent exaggerates in this note or not, God knows. In any case, in the hotel "Europe", as we said above, in 1912 a ladies' orchestra also played.

One of the blessings of civilization - the telephone - appeared in Yuzovka in 1902. But then this miracle of technology was a rare and expensive pleasure. Advertisements of Yuzovsky hotels are full of telephones. Local “sharks of the pen” noted here too: “But telephones are especially expensive here. Please pay, if you want to have a telephone, 100 rubles for installation, and 150 rubles for an annual subscription fee. And it is not surprising that they are reluctant to let you use the phone for free. In the hotel "Great Britain" the fee for using the telephone for strangers is 30 kopecks. for every conversation. The telephone ladies here are especially cruel and silent - I was convinced of this personally. They probably value themselves very dearly."

Either the owner's income was down, or there was some other reason, but by 1912 the Hotel Great Britain, as the ad says, was rented by a company of waiters. The advertisement indicated that the hotel had been newly renovated and comfortably furnished. Steam heating, electric lighting and a telephone worked in the premises. A well-known and experienced (!) Moscow chef was invited, and twice a week there were direct deliveries of Moscow veal, various game and other products from Moscow. The buffet included a variety of Russian and foreign drinks.

For visitors to the restaurant, the Ladies' Concert Orchestra played during lunch from 13-00 to 16-00 and during dinner from 20-00 to 1 am.

After the end of the civil war, the city hotel industry fell into disrepair. True, after a few years they changed their minds. They reopened under a different name "Great Britain", and on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution, the Metallurgy Hotel was built, in which V.V. stayed for one night a year later. Mayakovsky.

Metallurgy Hotel, October 1927

A new surge in urban hotel construction was outlined 100 years later - in the early 2000s, in connection with the upcoming football championship. True, the hotel business did not bring the expected expectations in 2012.

The informal capital is the city of Donetsk. Motto - Possibilitas re probata est(translated from lat.- "possibility proven by deed"). Katoikonyms - Donetsk residents (Ukrainian Donetskians); less often - Donbass (ukr. donbasіvtsі) or Donbass (ukr. donbassі); in colloquial speech - Donetsk (Ukrainian Donetsk).

The date of foundation is considered to be 1721, when the Donetsk coal basin was discovered by an expedition led by Grigory Grigoryevich Kapustin. However, the industrial development of the region began only in the second half of the 19th century. Since the name of the region comes from the name of the coal basin, confusion often occurs: in the context of the coal mining industry, the territory of the region is known as Small Donbass and is part of the so-called Greater Donbass- the entire territory of the Donetsk coal basin, which also includes the eastern regions of the Dnepropetrovsk region of Ukraine (Western Donbass), as well as the western part of the Rostov region of the Russian Federation (Eastern Donbass).

Donbass is one of the most urbanized regions of the world and the most urbanized region countries, in the cities and urban-type settlements of which about 90% of the inhabitants live. On the territory of the region is the so-called Big Donetsk (Ukrainian: Veliky Donetsk) - the third largest urban agglomeration of Ukraine.

Etymology

Sunrise over Donbass

The name of the region is associated with coal deposits. Russian geologist Leonid Ivanovich Lutugin wrote:

The name Donetsk coal basin comes from the geographical name Donetsk ridge, which in turn was established after the works of Evgraf Petrovich Kovalevsky “Experience of geognostic research in the Donetsk mountain range” () and “Geognostic review of the Donetsk mountain range” (), which has the source “Coal deposits in area of ​​the Seversky Donets river basin.

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background

The first settlements on the territory of Donbass, in the eastern part of the Azov Upland, date back to the Early Paleolithic, and many Late Paleolithic settlements discovered by archaeologists cover the banks of the valleys of the Seversky Donets and its tributaries.

In the first millennium BC, the territory of Donbass was part of the Scythian state, the so-called Golden Scythia - the central part of the ancient kingdom. The beginning of the Slavic colonization of the region dates back to the 8th century and 9th centuries of our era, at the same time the region was under the rule of the Khazars.

Active settlement of the region began after the beginning of Khmelnitsky (-1654), when thousands of peasants from the Right-Bank Ukraine fled to these lands from the horrors of the war. How little the present Kharkov, Luhansk and Donetsk regions were populated at that time can be judged by the fact that the Belgorod district, which occupied vast territory from Kursk to Azov, had in 1620 only 23 settlements with 874 households. The new settlers studied the bowels of the Donets basin. Since 1625, salt was mined in the area of ​​present-day Slavyansk. “Hunting” people from Valuyki, Oskol, Yelets, Kursk and other “outlying” cities of Russia went to “hunt” it in the Donetsk steppes. In 1646, Tor was built to guard against Crimean Tatars who raided new settlers and "eager" people (now Slavyansk). In 1650, private salt works in the prison of Tora began to operate. In 1676, Cherkasy settled along the Seversky Donets (who left the yoke Polish gentry Ukrainians). In the Cossack settlements and towns along the Seversky Donets and the Don, metallurgical, mining and forging production was established. The Izyum and Don Cossacks began to cook salt on the Bakhmutka, a tributary of the Seversky Donets. The town of Bakhmut (known since 1571) grew up near the new salt mines.

Base

• 35% - preservation of the region as part of Ukraine as an autonomy;
• 33% - entry of the region into the Russian Federation as an autonomy;
• 21% - the preservation of the region as part of Ukraine on the usual basis;
• 11% - entry of the region into the Russian Federation on the usual basis.

Territories controlled by the Ukrainian authorities:

• 65% - maintaining the status quo;
• 26% - creation of autonomy within Ukraine;
• 9% - entry of the region into the Russian Federation.

Economy and industry

Donbass is one of the most economically developed regions of Ukraine. The main intersectoral complexes: energy, metallurgical, machine-building, chemical-industrial. Suburban type of agriculture prevails. Transport and recreational complexes are well developed.

coal mining

The formation of Donbass is associated with the discovery of coal in 1721 by Nikita Vepreisky, who represented civil authority in the Bakhmut district, and Semyon Chirkov, commander of the guard battalion of the Bakhmut fortress. The following 24 state-owned coal holding companies (GCC) operate on the territory of Donbass:

In addition, the structure of the MCC does not include the following 20 independent mines and mine administrations:

Industry

Metallurgy

Chemical industry

A powerful chemical-industrial complex has been formed in the Donbass region. It includes enterprises for the production of nitrogen (Severodonetsk, Gorlovka) and phosphate fertilizers (Konstantinovka), soda (Lisichansk, Slavyansk), organic synthesis chemistry products (Severodonetsk, Donetsk, Lysichansk, Stakhanov, Rubizhne). The largest enterprises of the chemical industry in the region are Severodonetsk Association Azot CJSC, Gorlovsky PJSC Concern Stirol, Lisichansk Oil Refinery.

mechanical engineering

The centers of agricultural engineering are Lugansk, Pervomaisk. The center of instrumentation is Severodonetsk.

Building materials industry

Light industry

The main centers of light industry are Donetsk, Lugansk, Konstantinovka.

Agro-industrial complex

A powerful agro-industrial complex has been formed in the region, 80% of agricultural land is arable land.

Agriculture

Suburban type of agricultural production prevails. Animal husbandry has a dairy and meat direction, crop production specializes in growing

Kolesnik A.V. Middle Paleolithic of Donbass - Archaeological Almanac No. 12.- Donetsk: Lebed LLC, 2002. - 294 p.

The concept of Donbass has several meanings - geographical, geological, administrative and economic. In the economic and geographical sense, Donbass is associated with the Donetsk Ridge and the territories directly adjacent to it. The ridge is located mainly in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine and partially extends into Rostov region Russia. In the political and administrative context, Donbass is synonymous with Southeast Ukraine. Based on the prevailing geographical terminology, the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass should be understood as the Middle Paleolithic of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine, although the outlying areas of these two administrative units cover the geographical zones adjacent to the Kryazh. In addition to the territory of the Ridge itself, in fact, this includes part of the Azov Upland, the upper reaches of the left-bank tributaries of the Lower Dnieper, and part of the Zadonets Plain.

The unification of neighboring regions into one archaeological region is justified not only by their geographical proximity, but also by a long historiographical tradition. A systematic study of the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass has been carried out since the 1920s. XX century and is associated with the names of P.P. Efimenko, S.N. Zamyatnina, P.I. Boriskovsky, V.M. Evseeva, S.N. Loktyusheva, D.S. Zveibel, V.N. Gladilina, N.D. Praslova, A.A. Krotova and other Russian and Ukrainian specialists. It was in the Donbass in 1935 that B.M. Evseev made the first, as it was then believed, Acheulean discovery in Ukraine.

The need to generalize the accumulated Lately information on the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass is long overdue. The Donetsk sector has long and firmly fit into the Paleolithic map of Eastern Europe. The study of the Middle Paleolithic of Ukraine and southern regions Russia has been going on at an unabated pace for several decades now. The doors have been opened for complex international expeditions, extensive new materials are being prepared and published, drawing a broad panorama of the development of the Paleolithic traditions of Eastern Europe as part of a single paleolithic world. Donbas materials bring new colors to the archaeological palette, help to better understand the general and particular in behavior ancient man and in the development of its material and spiritual culture.

The work on this publication was initiated and paid for within the framework of the state program for the preparation of materials for the volume of the “Code of Historical and Cultural Monuments” for the Donetsk region.

In addition to solving research problems, this development serves as a reference tool, since it includes information about almost all (including single) finds of the Middle Paleolithic known at the time of publication in the Donbass. This obliges us to give, as far as possible, complete geographical and administrative references of monuments and collection points for finds. Drawings of stone products were made at different times, so they may differ in execution technique.

The manuscript of this summary of the monuments and its fragments were repeatedly discussed with colleagues, to whom the author expresses his most sincere gratitude. Girya E.Yu., Gladilin V.N., Degermendzhi S.M., Demidenko Yu.E., Evtushenko A.I., Kulakovskaya L.V., Koval Yu.G., Matyukhin A. E., Praslov N.D., Sytnik A.C., Chabai V.P., Bosinski. G., Tuflreau A., Sitlivy V. and others. Long-term voluntary members of the expeditions Barsukov E., Votyakova O., Kovalenko A.G., Ilyashenko L.V., Ilyashenko T.V., Tsyba O., Yur A., ​​Golebiowska-Tobiacz A., students of the Kramatorsk Economics -Humanitarian Institute, Donetsk state university, Donetsk open university who, with their own hands, brought to light the archaeological remains of the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass.

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