What is the initial form? The concept of a verb. The initial form of the verb. Repetition Service Parts of Speech

In this lesson, you will remember what a verb is, learn the features of the indefinite form of the verb, its syntactic role in the sentence, consolidate the knowledge gained.

In the present tense verb, it is necessary to indicate the person, the attitude of the speaker to the action, if I perform the action I - i do, If You - you are doing.

The verb category exists in all languages, but not all languages behave in the same way. For example, in the Russian verb everything is obvious - there is time (present, future, past). But in Arabic there is no time, that is, we cannot determine time by the form of the verb. To do this, you need to use the words of another part of speech, for example Today, Now etc. More information can be found at the link in additional materials.

But the verb also has the most uninformative form. According to it, neither gender, nor number, nor person, nor tense, nor inclination can be determined. This form is called indefinite verb form , it is a dictionary for the verb and the initial form in morphological parsing. According to the indefinite form of the verb, we can determine only constant features: aspect, transitivity, conjugation (not always).

Indefinite form of the verb (infinitive)- this is such a form of the verb, according to which we can determine only constant signs (reflexivity, aspect, transitivity).

For example:

go road(Fig. 2) - transitive verb, it governs a noun in the accusative case, without a preposition. We defined it in an indefinite form.

Rice. 2. Children cross the road ()Go - the verb is intransitive, this is also understandable by the indefinite form.

Study - the verb is reflexive, because it has a suffix -sya.

Learn - irrevocable verb (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. The boy is learning lessons ()

News (what to do?) - imperfect species.

take away (what to do?) - perfect view.

But in none of these verbs can we determine either the time, or the person, or the number.

The indefinite form of the verb is usually formed with the help of suffixes - ti And - be. For example:

sing- suffix -th(Fig. 4)

Rice. 4. Children sing ()

row- suffix -ti

wash your face- suffix -th who stands before -sya

But sometimes the infinitive ends with -whose, which arose from the combination - To or -G With -ti. Verb cut formed like this: shearing + ti - haircut(existed for a long time). Here's another example: baking + ti - pekti, and from the word pekti arose bake.

Suffixes -ti, -th And -whose in some textbooks and in some theories it is usually distinguished as an ending. In general, this is logical, because they form the form of a word and are not included in the stem. But we know that the infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, that there is a formative suffix in Russian, which is also not included in the stem, for example, the suffix -l.

Formative suffixes -th And -l-

bake(suffix -who-) - baked(suffix -l-)

try(suffix -th) - tried(suffix -l-)

Infinitive is the dictionary form. That is, if you need to look up words in the dictionary fled, I'm going, looks, you will not find them in this form. You will have to put them in the indefinite form:

run away

look

Therefore, foreigners also need to be able to put the verb in an indefinite form in order to find out its translation.

Let's see how this helps us deal with the verb conjugation rule. We need to learn how the verb is written:

continue ... t

To do this, put it in the initial form:

continue

Look: before the suffix -th spelled -And-, means the verb in IIconjugation and at the end we write And - continue And T.

But actually it is not. The error came out because we initially put the verb in the wrong initial form. You need to remember very well that the aspect of the verb is a constant feature. And if in personal form we have an imperfect look ( what is he doing?), then in the indefinite form there must also be an imperfect form:

continue (what to do?).

And from an indefinite form continue (what to do?) of the perfect aspect, the personal form of the perfect aspect is also formed - will continue (what will he do?).

Difficulty can be associated not only with the form of the verb, but also with its meaning. For example, take the verb running and put it in indefinite form - run away(but not run). Although both of these verbs are imperfective ( what to do?), but their values are different. run is a single action run- repetitive (personal form from him will be - running around). The same with the words:

approve - approve, but not approve b. From the word approve we form a shape approve.

visits - visit, but not come in, from which the personal form - comes in.

Care must be taken to preserve the suffix of the stem and the meaning of the verb.

In additional materials there are tasks. Be sure to practice whether you can put the verb in the indefinite form correctly.

This is the first difficulty that we have with the indefinite form of the verb. The second difficulty is that, even if you correctly put the verb in the indefinite form, you still need to know how it is written. Consider a list of verbs to remember:

-yat verbs:sow, sow, bayat, melt, winnow, cherish, repent, start, bark, toil, bleat, find fault, smell, tease, hope, bow, cough.

verb in -it:glue.

With the advent of electronic dictionaries, the difficulties for foreigners have become much less. Electronic dictionaries recognize the form of the verb and immediately determine its meaning. But you need to know that the basis of all electronic dictionaries is handmade one man - Andrey Anatolievich Zaliznyak(Fig. 5). He made up « grammar dictionary Russian language".

Rice. 5. A.A. Zaliznyak ()

Just imagine what a great job he did. Collected all forms of all words of the Russian language. Then he classified them according to the ways of inflection and created a dictionary so accurate and correct that it can be used in programming. It was the electronic version of this dictionary that formed the basis of most modern computer programs working with Russian morphology, a spelling check system (what is underlined in red in Word) and machine translation, automatic referencing.

The syntactic role of the infinitive must be discussed separately, because it is really unusual. The infinitive behaves in a sentence quite surprisingly. He behaves like normal nouns And adjectives, i.e. acts in a completely unusual role for the verb.

The infinitive often plays the role subject(which is quite unusual for a verb).

Or as an addition:

asked(about what?) give away - addition. We even pose a case question, which is not at all natural for a verb.

Or as a circumstance:

Came(For what?) discuss - purpose circumstance.

The definition of infinitives can also be:

Wish(which?) express .

The predicate infinitive can also be:

Warn - is a predicate.

Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes the action of an object and answers questions what to do? what to do?.

The meaning of the action and process of the Russian verb is expressed in the categories of aspect, mood, time (in the indicative mood), person (in the present and future tense and in the imperative mood), number, and in the past tense and in the conditional mood - in the form of gender.

In addition, the verb has such properties as reflexivity and transitivity.

In a sentence, the verb is primarily characterized by the role of the predicate, but it can also perform other syntactic functions (subject, object, definition and circumstance).

Bibliography

Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

Postnauka.ru ().
Postnauka.ru ().
Wikipedia ().

Homework

Define terms such as verb And infinitive .
Read the words and determine their initial form:

Walked, thought, played, removed, washed, cooked.

Learn seventeen verbs in -yat and one on -it and remember their spelling.

Morphology deals with the form of a word. Changed words have forms. One of the forms is called the initial one. Initial is the form in which the word is given in dictionaries.

For nouns the initial form is singular, I.p., for example: school, class, night .

For adjectives- singular, m.p., for example: blue, winter, fox .

For numerals initial form are:
for quantitative - I.p., for example: ten, one hundred ,
for ordinals - singular, m.r., I.p., for example: second, hundredth .

Note:

For verbs* the initial form is the indefinite form of the verb (=infinitive), for example: smile, think, play .

Note:

For participles, the initial form of the verb is defined differently.

It depends on the interpretation of the nature of the sacrament.

If participles are defined as a special form of the verb, then the initial form will be the indefinite form of the verb, for example: smile, build.
If participles are defined as an independent part of speech, then the initial form is considered to be singular, m.r., I.p., for example: smiling, built. For more on the nature of the sacrament, see

1. Independent parts of speech:

nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
Verbs:
- sacraments;
- gerunds;
adjectives;
numerals;
pronouns;
adverbs;

2. Service parts of speech:

prepositions;
unions;
particles;

3. Interjections.

None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:

the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
own or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
gender (m, f, cf.);
number (unit, plural);
declination;
case;
syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan of morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby is drinking milk."

Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;

initial form - baby;
permanent morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
inconstant morphological features: nominative case, singular;
at parsing The sentence plays the role of the subject.

Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).

initial form - milk;
constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
in a sentence with a direct object.

Here's another example of how to do it morphological analysis noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

the initial form is a lady;
permanent morphological features: common noun, animate, specific, feminine, 1st declension;
fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

initial form - Luzhin;
faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (what?) - noun;

initial form - palm;
constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
syntactic role in context: complement.

Dust (what?) - noun;

initial form - dust;
main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
syntactic role: complement.

the initial form is a coat;
constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank, according to the value:
- - - quality (warm, silent);
  - - relative (yesterday, reading);
  - - possessive (hare, mother's);
- degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
- full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful;
- full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
- genus sign (only in the singular);
- number (consistent with the noun);
- case (consistent with the noun);
syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective

Suggestion example:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) - adjective;

initial form - complete;
permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

initial form - slender;
permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

the initial form is thin;
morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

initial form - blue;
table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
inconsistent morphological characteristics: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

initial form - amazing;
permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? or what will it do? To different groups verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

the initial form is the infinitive;
constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- - transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
  - intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
- returnability:
- - returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
  - irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- - imperfect (what to do?);
  - perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- - I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
  - II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
  - conjugated verbs (want, run);
non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- - indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
  - conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
  - imperative: do it!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- Subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of the verb example

To understand the scheme, let's written analysis verb morphology on the example of a sentence:

Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - send;
permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

The following online example of the morphological parsing of a verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what to do?) - verb;

the initial form is to listen;
morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Warn (what to do?) - verb;

initial form - warn;
morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
syntactic function in a sentence: component predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;

the initial form is to know;
inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

the initial form is to violate;
permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;

initial form - wait;
permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did?) - verb;

initial form - enter;
permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Found morphological analyzes "hanging" - 1

Option number 1 "hanging" - Verb

Part of speech:
Part of speech of the word hung - Verb
Morphological features:
- Initial form: hang over
- Permanent signs: perfect form, intransitive, irrevocable
- Irregular symptoms: past tense, singular, feminine, indicative
The syntactic role of the word "hanging" in the sentence: depends on the context of the sentence.
Word forms: hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung hung

Morphological analysis of the word "hanging"

Full morphological analysis of the word "hanging": Part of speech, initial form, morphological features and word forms.

The direction of the science of language, where the word is studied only as a part of speech, is called morphology. Do morphological analysis- means to characterize the word as a part of speech: to give a description of its semantic meaning, grammatical properties and the role that the word performs in the sentence corresponding to it.

Morphological analysis of the word "hanging" compiled according to the dictionary.

There may be several morphological analyzes of this word, since the same word in Russian is often found as different parts of speech. Therefore, choose the analysis of exactly the part of speech that is indicated in your task. Good luck in your studies!

AUTOMIR