The future poet was born on November 23 (December 5, according to the new style), 1820 in the village. Novoselki of the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province (Russian Empire).

As the son of Charlotte-Elizabeth Becker, who left Germany in 1820, Athanasius was adopted by the nobleman Shenshin. After 14 years, an unpleasant event occurred in the biography of Afanasy Fet: an error was discovered in the birth record, which deprived him of his title.

Education

In 1837, Fet graduated from the private boarding school of Krimmer in the city of Verro (now Estonia). In 1838 he entered the Faculty of Philosophy at Moscow University, continuing to take a great interest in literature. He graduated from the university in 1844.

Creativity of the poet

In a brief biography of Fet, it is worth noting that the first poems were written by him in his youth. Fet's poetry was first published in the collection "Lyrical Pantheon" in 1840. Since then, Fet's poems have been constantly published in magazines.

In an effort to regain his title of nobility by all possible means, Afanasy Fet went to serve as a non-commissioned officer. Then, in 1853, in Fet's life, there is a transition to the Guards Regiment. Creativity Fet even in those days does not stand still. In 1850, his second collection was published, in 1856 - the third.

In 1857 the poet marries Maria Botkina. Having retired in 1858, without having achieved the return of the title, he acquires land, devotes himself to housekeeping.

Fet's new works, published from 1862 to 1871, make up the cycles "From the Village", "Notes on Freelance Labor". They include novels, short stories, essays. Afanasy Afanasievich Fet strictly distinguishes between his prose and poetry. Poetry is romantic for him, and prose is realistic.

Nikolai Nekrasov wrote about Fet: “A person who understands poetry and willingly opens his soul to her sensations, in no Russian author, after Pushkin, will draw as much poetic pleasure as Mr. Fet will give him.”

last years of life

In 1873, the title was returned to Afanasy Fet, as well as the surname Shenshin. After that, the poet is engaged in charity work. At this stage, the poems of Afanasy Fet are published in the collections "Evening Lights", of which four issues are published from 1883 to 1891. Fet's poetry contains mainly two themes: nature, love.

Death overtook the poet on November 21, 1892 in Moscow in his house on Plyushchikha. Fet died of a heart attack. Afanasy Afanasyevich was buried in the Shenshin family estate in the village. Kleymenovo, Oryol Gubernia.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• In addition to composing poems, Fet was engaged in translations until his old age. He owns translations of both parts of Goethe's Faust. He even planned to translate Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, but he abandoned this idea and took up the translation of the works of Arthur Schopenhauer.
• The poet experienced a tragic love for Maria Lazich, a fan of his work. This girl was educated and very talented. Their feelings were mutual, but the couple failed to connect their destinies. Maria died, and the poet remembered his unhappy love all his life, which influenced his work. It was to her that he dedicated the poem "Talisman", the poems "Old Letters", "You suffered, I still suffer ...", "No, I have not changed. To deep old age ... ”and other poems.
• Some researchers of Fet's life believe that the poet's death from a heart attack was preceded by a suicide attempt.
• It was Fet who was the author of the famous phrase that was included in the "Adventures of Pinocchio"

Lesson 3

The purpose of the lesson: to introduce the main stages of the life and work of A. A. Fet.

Equipment: portrait, collections of poems

Method: messages with the reading of the poet's poems

Epigraphs:

And while the light rejoices with holy art,

Inspirational Fet will be dear to the tender feeling.

K. Fofanov

But in a tender verse you will find

This ever-scented rose...

A. A. Fet

He is a high, highest authority in poetry, in art, in thought.

V. Bryusov

The enormity of the philosophy of Solovyov and Fet is beyond doubt,

we listen to their music on earth, and their love knows no bounds...

A. Blok

During the classes

I. c brief analysis the results written by the guys in the previous test lesson.

II. Teacher's word.

And personality, and fate, and creative biography A. A. Feta are unusual and full of mysteries, some of which have not yet been solved. Pure poetry, far from the realities of life, subtle lyricism and vital practicality, the life of a poet full of drama and contradictions, often unexpected in its movement and transitions - all these paradoxes are intertwined in one person, causing an ambiguous attitude towards him.

The popularity of Feta is still great. The modern reader is undoubtedly interested in his poems. How can this be correlated with the rejection of Fet's poetry by the democratic reader in the 60s of the 19th century.

Or maybe not to give an unambiguous answer, but simply by reading the musical lines and reflecting on the facts of life, love and death, as incomprehensible secrets of nature to human essence. Everyone should try to find answers in the poet's verses to many exciting questions of life.

It is impossible to talk about the originality of A. Fet's work without talking about his life.

III.

Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (Shenshin) was born on November 23 (December 5 according to the new style), 1820 in the Oryol province, not far from the city of Mtsensk. The father of the future poet was a restrained man, severe in relation to his wife and children.

Fet's mother, nee Charlotte Becker, belonged by birth to a wealthy German burgher family. After the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Elizaveta Petrovna. The story of her marriage is mysterious. Shenshin was her second husband. Until 1820 she lived in Germany, in Darmstadt, in her father's house. Apparently, after her divorce from her first husband, Johann Fet, she met with forty-four-year-old Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin. He brought her to Russia. The love of Afanasy Neofitovich passed so soon, as if it had never happened. Mother meekly resigned, and only got sick more and more often. As a child, Fet had something to think about, something to be sad about. But there was also good, perhaps, there was more good than bad.

Many of Fet's first teachers turned out to be narrow-minded when it comes to book science. But there was another science - natural, directly vital. Most of all taught and nurtured surrounding nature and living impressions of life, brought up the whole way of peasant, rural life. This, of course, is more important than book literacy. This is a practical diploma and acting deeply and for life. Happy is the man who has comprehended it from his youth. He is especially happy if his life calling is poetry!

Afanasy Fet from the age of 14 studied at the Krummer boarding house in the city of Dorpat. The boarding school had favorite teachers, a lively desire for knowledge. Here the poet learned a lot, learned a lot. And it was knowledge for life. They were of great help in his literary and poetic works. good knowledge German language, which Fet owed not only to his mother, but also to the boarding school, allowed him later to translate German poets, in particular Heine, whom he loved.

From 1834 to 1844 he studied at Moscow University. Serious poetry classes begin in the first year. He wrote down his poems in a special “yellow notebook” that had been set up for this purpose. The poetic fate of Fet is happy; great first revealed to him the joy of poetry, and the great Gogol blessed him to serve it. At the same time, the future poet became close to a student classmate Apollon Grigoriev. He was an outstanding young man, and later a talented poet and critic. Talented university youth gathered in Grigoriev's house. Around Grigoriev and Fet, not just a friendly company of interlocutors is formed, but a kind of literary and philosophical circle.

During his stay at the university, Fet published the first collection of his poems. It was called somewhat intricately: “Lyrical Pantheon”. This collection was published at the end of November 1840 without a name with only initials: “A. F.”

This book is educational in many ways. In it, the influence of a variety of poets, Russian and Western, is noticeable, in a word, the book sounded in many different voices. For a collection of works by a very young poet, this is a fairly common occurrence.

In the collection, the greatest preference was given to two genres: the ballad, so beloved by romantics (“Abduction from the harem”, “Castle Raufenbach” and others), and the genre of anthological poems, that is, poems close to antique in theme or manner. Poems of the anthological kind were especially successful for Fet, both mature and young. In the first collection of the poet, the handwriting of the master is already visible: everything here is simple, clear, precise. At the same time, what expressive details, what a visible picture they create!

Already, laying sickles on their shoulders, tired reapers

With their ringing song they announce the cool field;

Lily of the valley smells in the forest; there, under the ravine, birches

They glow with the crimson of the dawn, and here, in the small bushes

The nightingale sang loudly, pleased with the cool of the evening

The faithful horse under me moves slowly,

Bending the neck with a ring and driving away the midges with the tail.

After the release of the “Lyrical Pantheon”, two of the largest magazines of the 40s - “Moskvityanin” and “Notes of the Fatherland” began to willingly publish his poems, and some poems, as exemplary, fall into the well-known at that time “Chrestomathy” by A. D. Galakhov, the first edition of which appeared in 1843.

In these magazines from 1841 to 1845 (before entering the military service) eighty-five poems were printed, including the well-known tepe “I came to you with greetings ...”

In the life of the poet during this period there were many trials and shocks, but in his decisions he turned out to be adamant: “... in life, the future has always worried me, and not the past, which cannot be changed.”

In the years military service Fet also had genuine joys - high, truly human. This is a meeting with Maria Lazic. She became the heroine of his love lyrics. Maria Lazich was gifted with a deep and subtle poetic feeling, she knew poetry and understood it. She knew and loved Fet's poems. The poet could not help but appreciate this. “Nothing,” he wrote referring to his relationship with Lazich, “brings people together like art in general - poetry in the broadest sense of the word. Such intimate rapprochement is in itself poetry.

But their relationship ended tragically, this was due to many circumstances. After the tragic death of Maria Lazich, the poet fully realizes love, love that is unique and unique. Now he will remember all his life, will speak and sing about this love - high, beautiful, amazing verses. Already in his declining years, in one of his best poems - “Alter Ejo” (Another (second) me (lat.). - Fet will say: ... that grass that is far away on your grave, Here on the heart, the older it is, the fresher ...

“In these words,” says critic N. N. Strakhov, “and young love, and death, and long years, lived after this death, and a distant grave, and an old heart that has long become the grave of a beloved being, a grave eternally fresh, even eternally fresh. The charm of this bold, but simple feeling, the infinite tenderness, which over the years is deeper and brighter, but burns like in the first minute.

IV. Teacher's word.

The biography of the poet is, first of all, his poems. We have already partly talked about Fet's poems, but did not dwell on them in detail. This will be in the next two lessons.

Homework.

1. Prepare a retelling of the message based on the textbook.

2. Learn 2 poems by heart (at the student's choice). The following verses are offered: “At dawn, don’t wake her up…”, “I came to you with greetings…”, “Whisper, timid breathing…”, “What a night…”, “The swallows are gone…”, “I told you I won't say anything..."

Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich (November 23, 1820 - November 21, 1892), the great Russian lyric poet, memoirist, translator.

Biography

Video about Fet

Childhood

Afanasy Fet was born in Novoselki, a small estate located in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province. His own father is Johann Peter Wilhelm Feth, an assessor of the city court in Darmstadt, his mother is Charlotte Elisabeth Becker. Being seven months pregnant, she left her husband and secretly left for Russia with 45-year-old Afanasy Shenshin. When a boy was born, he was baptized according to the Orthodox rite and named Athanasius. It was recorded as Shenshin's son. In 1822, Charlotte Elizaveta Fet converted to Orthodoxy and married Afanasy Shenshin.

Education

Athanasius received an excellent education. A capable boy was easy to learn. In 1837 he graduated from a private German boarding school in Verro, Estonia. Even then, Fet began to write poetry, showed interest in literature and classical philology. After school, in order to prepare for entering the university, he studied at the boarding house of Professor Pogodin, a writer, historian and journalist. In 1838, Afanasy Fet entered the law department, and then - the philosophical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied at the historical and philological (verbal) department.

At the university, Athanasius became close to one of the students, Apollon Grigoriev, who was also fond of poetry. Together they began to attend a circle of students who were intensively engaged in philosophy and literature. With the participation of Grigoriev, Fet released his first collection of poems "Lyrical Pantheon". Creation young student won the approval of Belinsky. And Gogol spoke of him as "an undoubted talent." This became a kind of "blessing" and inspired Afanasy Fet to further work. In 1842, his poems were published in many publications, including the popular journals Otechestvennye Zapiski and Moskvityanin. In 1844, Fet graduated from the university.

Military service

In 1845, Fet left Moscow and joined a provincial cuirassier regiment in southern Russia. Athanasius believed that military service would help him regain his lost noble rank. A year after the start of the service, Fet received the rank of officer. In 1853 he was transferred to the guards regiment, which was stationed near St. Petersburg. He often visited the capital, met with Turgenev, Goncharov, Nekrasov, became close to the editors of the popular Sovremennik magazine. In general, the poet's military career was not very successful. In 1858, Fet retired, having risen to the rank of headquarters captain.

Love

During the years of service, the poet experienced a tragic love, which influenced all his further work. The poet's lover, Maria Lazich, was from a good but poor family, which was an obstacle to their marriage. They broke up, and after some time the girl tragically died in a fire. The poet kept the memory of his unhappy love until his death.

Family life

At the age of 37, Afanasy Fet married Maria Botkina, the daughter of a wealthy tea merchant. His wife was not distinguished by youth and beauty. It was an arranged marriage. Before the wedding, the poet revealed to the bride the truth about his origin, as well as about some kind of “family curse”, which could become a serious obstacle to their marriage. But these confessions did not frighten Maria Botkina, and in 1857 they got married. A year later, Fet retired. He settled in Moscow and devoted himself to literary work. His family life was quite prosperous. Fet increased the fortune brought to him by Maria Botkina. True, they had no children. In 1867, Afanasy Fet was elected a justice of the peace. He lived on his estate and led the life of a real landowner. Only after the return of the stepfather's surname and all the privileges that a hereditary nobleman could enjoy, the poet began to work with renewed vigor.

Creation

Afanasy Fet left a significant mark on Russian literature. He published his first collection of poems "Lyrical Pantheon" when he was a student at the university. Fet's first poems were an attempt to get away from reality. He sang the beauty of nature, wrote a lot about love. Even then, a characteristic feature appeared in his work - he spoke about important and eternal concepts in hints, was able to convey the subtlest shades of mood, awakening pure and bright emotions in readers.

After the tragic death of Maria Lazich, Fet's work took on a new direction. He dedicated the poem "Talisman" to his beloved. It is assumed that all subsequent poems by Fet about love are dedicated to her. In 1850, a second collection of his poems was published. It aroused the interest of critics, who did not skimp on positive reviews. Then Fet was recognized as one of the best contemporary poets.

Afanasy Fet was the representative of " pure art”, he did not touch upon burning social issues in his works and remained a staunch conservative and monarchist until the end of his life. In 1856, Fet published the third collection of poems. He sang beauty, considering it the sole purpose of his work.

The heavy blows of fate did not go unnoticed for the poet. He became hardened, broke off relations with friends, almost stopped writing. In 1863, the poet published a two-volume collection of his poems, and then a twenty-year break came in his work.

Only after the surname of his stepfather and the privileges of a hereditary nobleman was returned to the poet, he took up creativity with renewed vigor. By the end of his life, the poems of Athanasius Fet became more and more philosophical, they were present in metaphysical idealism. The poet wrote about the unity of man and the universe, about the highest reality, about eternity. In the period from 1883 to 1891, Fet wrote more than three hundred poems, which were included in the collection Evening Lights. The poet published four editions of the collection, and the fifth came out after his death.

Death

Afanasy Fet died of a heart attack. Researchers of the life and work of the poet are convinced that before his death he tried to commit suicide.

Main achievements

• Afanasy Fet left behind a great creative legacy. Fet was recognized by contemporaries, his poems were admired by Gogol, Belinsky, Turgenev, Nekrasov. In the fifties of his century, he was the most significant representative of the poets who promoted "pure art" and sang "eternal values" and "absolute beauty". The work of Athanasius Fet marked the end of the poetry of the new classicism. Fet is still considered one of the brightest poets of his time.
• The translations of Athanasius Fet are also of great importance for Russian literature. He translated the entire "Faust" of Goethe, as well as the works of a number of Latin poets: Horace, Juvenal, Catullus, Ovid, Virgil, Persia and others.

Important dates in life

• 1820, November 23 - was born in the estate of Novoselki, Oryol province
• 1834 - was deprived of all the privileges of a hereditary nobleman, the surname Shenshin and Russian citizenship
• 1835-1837 - studied at a private German boarding school in the city of Werro
• 1838-1844 - studied at the university
• 1840 - the first collection of poems "Lyrical Pantheon" was published
• 1845 - entered the provincial cuirassier regiment in southern Russia
• 1846 - received an officer's rank
• 1850 - the second collection of poems "Poems" was published
• 1853 - transferred to the service in the guards regiment
• 1856 - the third collection of poems was published
• 1857 - married Maria Botkina
• 1858 - retired
• 1863 - a two-volume collection of poems was published
• 1867 - Elected Justice of the Peace
• 1873 - returned noble privileges and the surname Shenshin
• 1883 - 1891 - worked on the five-volume "Evening Lights"
• 1892, November 21 - died in Moscow from a heart attack

• In 1834, when the boy was 14 years old, it turned out that legally he was not the son of the Russian landowner Shenshin, and the recording was made illegally. The cause of the proceedings was an anonymous denunciation, the author of which remained unknown. The decision of the spiritual consistory sounded like a sentence: from now on, Athanasius had to bear his mother's surname, was deprived of all the privileges of a hereditary nobleman and Russian citizenship. From a rich heir, he suddenly became a "man without a name", an illegitimate child of dubious parentage. Fet took this event as a shame, and the return of the lost position became his goal, an obsession, which largely determined the future. life path poet. Only in 1873, when Afanasy Fet was 53 years old, did the dream of his whole life come true. By decree of the king, the noble privileges and the surname Shenshin were returned to the poet. However, their literary works he continued to sign with the surname Fet.
• In 1847, during military service, in the small estate of Fedorovka, the poet met Maria Lazich. This relationship began with a light, non-committal flirting, which gradually grew into a deep feeling. But Maria, a beautiful, well-educated girl from a good family, still could not be a good match for a person who hoped to regain the title of nobility. Realizing that he truly loves this girl, Fet, nevertheless, decided that he would never marry her. Maria reacted calmly to this, but after a while she decided to break off relations with Athanasius. And after a while, Fet was informed about the tragedy that occurred in Fedorovka. A fire broke out in Maria's room, her clothes caught fire. Trying to save herself, the girl ran out onto the balcony, then into the garden. But the wind only fanned the flames. Maria Lazich was dying for several days. Her last words were about Athanasius. The poet took this loss hard. Until the end of his life, he regretted that he had not married a girl, because there was no more in his life true love. His soul was empty.
• The poet carried a heavy burden. The fact is that he had crazy people in his family. His two brothers, already as adults, lost their minds. At the end of her life, Afanasy Fet's mother also suffered from insanity and begged to take her life. Shortly before Fet's marriage to Maria Botkina, his sister Nadia also ended up in a psychiatric clinic. Her brother visited her there, but she did not recognize him. Behind him, the poet often noticed bouts of heavier melancholy. Fet was always afraid that in the end he would suffer the same fate.

Birth history. Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born in November or December 1820 in the village. Novoselki Oryol province. The story of his birth is not quite usual. His father, Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin, a retired captain, belonged to an old noble family and was a wealthy landowner. While being treated in Germany, he married Charlotte Feth, whom he took to Russia from her living husband and daughter. Two months later, Charlotte gave birth to a boy named Athanasius and given the surname Shenshin.

Fourteen years later, the spiritual authorities of the Eagle discovered that the child was born before the wedding of the parents and Athanasius was deprived of the right to bear his father's surname and title of nobility and became a German subject. This event is a highly impressionable soul of a child, and Fet experienced the ambiguity of his position almost all his life. The special position in the family influenced the further fate of Athanasius Fet - he had to earn for himself the rights of the nobility, which the church deprived him of. Between the university and the army. Although the Shenshin family did not differ in special culture, Fet received a good education.

From 1835 to 1837 he studied at a German Protestant boarding school in Verro (now Võru, Estonia). Here he enthusiastically studies classical philology and secretly begins to write poetry. Fet mastered the Latin language here, which helped him later translate ancient Roman poets. After Verro, Fet continued his education at the boarding school of Professor Pogodin to prepare for Moscow University, where he was enrolled in 1838 in the department of literature of the Faculty of Philosophy. During his university years, Fet became especially friends with the future famous critic and poet Apollon Grigoriev.

Together they discussed the poetic tests of the pen, which were included in the first poetic collection - "Lyric Pantheon" (1840): "Let my dreams come into the light, I indulge in sweet hope, What can be on them a smile of beauty will stealthily flash, Or a slave of painful passions, Reading humble creatures, Will share Secret sufferings With my agitated soul "These were imitative poems, and the poetry of Pushkin and Venediktov, to whom, as Fet recalled, he enthusiastically "howled" became the role models.

Within two or three years after the publication of The Lyric Pantheon, Fet publishes collections of poems on the pages of magazines, in particular Moskvitianin and Otechestvennye Zapiski, but they do not bring the expected wealth. With the hope of regaining his nobility, the young poet leaves Moscow and entered military service in a cuirassier regiment, stationed in the Kherson province. Subsequently, in his memoirs, Fet writes: “This conclusion will continue for a long time - I don’t know, and in a moment various Gogol Wii climb into the eyes on a tablespoon, and you still need to smile ... I can compare my life with a dirty puddle.” But in 1858 A. Fet was forced to retire.

He never received noble rights - at that time the nobility gave only the rank of colonel, and he was a headquarters captain. This made it further military career useless. Of course, military service was not in vain for Fet: these were the dawn years of his poetic activity. In 1850, "Poems" by A. Fet were published in Moscow, greeted by readers with delight. In St. Petersburg, he met Nekrasov, Panaev, Druzhinin, Goncharov, Yazykov. He later became friends with Leo Tolstoy. This friendship was long and necessary for both.

During the years of military service, Afanasy Fet experienced a tragic love that influenced all his work. It was love for the daughter of a poor landowner Maria Lazich, a fan of his poetry, a very talented and educated girl. She also fell in love with him, but they were both poor, and for this reason A. Fet did not dare to join his fate with his beloved girl. Soon Maria Lazich died under mysterious circumstances.

Until his death, the poet remembered his unhappy love; in many of his poems, her unfading breath is heard.
In 1856 a new book of the poet was published. Fulfillment of desires. After retiring, Fet married the sister of the critic Botkin, M. Botkin, who belonged to a wealthy Moscow merchant family. It was a marriage of convenience, and the poet sincerely confessed to the bride the secrets of his birth. With the money of his wife, Fet in 1860 buys the Stepanovka estate and becomes a landowner, where he lives for seventeen years, only occasionally visiting Moscow. Here he found his royal decree that the surname Shenshin, with all the rights associated with it, was finally approved for him. He became a nobleman.

In 1877, Afanasy Afanasyevich bought the village of Vorobyovka in the Kursk province, where he spent the rest of his life, only leaving for Moscow for the winter. These years, in contrast to the years spent in Stepanovka, are characterized by his return to literature. Starting from 1883, he published a number of collections of lyrical poems, united by the common title - “Evening Lights” (first issue - 1883; second issue - 1885; third issue - 1888; fourth issue - 1891). In his poems, the poet refuses any abstraction, since mental states are difficult to analyze, and even more difficult to convey in words the subtle movements of the soul.

Creativity A. A. Fet. A. Fet's poems are pure poetry, in the context that there is not a drop of prose. Fet limited his poetry to three themes: love, nature, art. Usually he did not sing of hot feelings, despair, delight, lofty thoughts. No, he wrote about the simplest things - about pictures of nature, about rain, about snow, about the sea, about mountains, about forests, about stars, about the simplest movements of the soul, even about minute impressions. His poetry is joyful and bright, it has a sense of light and peace. Even about his ruined love, he writes lightly and calmly, although his feeling is deep and fresh, as in the first minutes. Until the end of his life, Fetu did not change the joy that pervaded almost all of his poems.

The beauty, naturalness, sincerity of his poetry reach complete perfection, his verse is amazingly expressive, figurative, musical. “This is not just a poet, but rather a poet-musician ...” - Tchaikovsky said about him. Many romances were written to Fet's poems, which quickly gained wide popularity.

Fet is a singer of Russian nature. Fet can be called a singer of Russian nature. The approach of spring and autumn withering, a fragrant summer night and a frosty day, a rye field stretching endlessly and without edge and a dense shady forest - he writes about all this in his poems. Fet's nature is always calm, hushed, as if frozen. And at the same time, it is surprisingly rich in sounds and colors, lives its own life, hidden from the inattentive eye:

"I came to you with greetings,
Say that the sun has risen
What is hot light
The sheets fluttered;
Tell that the forest woke up
All woke up, each branch,
Startled by every bird
And full of spring thirst ... "

Fet perfectly conveys the "fragrant freshness of feelings" inspired by nature, its beauty, charm. His poems are imbued with a bright, joyful mood, the happiness of love. The poet unusually subtly reveals the various shades of human experiences. He knows how to catch and clothe in bright, vivid images even fleeting spiritual movements that are difficult to identify and convey in words:

"Whisper, timid breath,
trill nightingale,
Silver and flutter
sleeping stream,
Night light, night shadows,
Shadows without end
A series of magical changes
sweet face,
In smoky clouds purple roses,
reflections of amber,
And kisses, and tears,
And dawn, dawn! .. »

Usually A. Fet in his poems dwells on one figure, on one turn of feelings, and at the same time, his poetry cannot be called monotonous, on the contrary, it strikes with diversity and a multitude of topics. The special charm of his poems, in addition to the content, is precisely in the nature of the mood of poetry. Muse Fet is light, airy, as if there is nothing earthly in her, although she tells us exactly about the earth. There is almost no action in his poetry, each of his verses is a whole kind of impressions, thoughts, joys and sorrows.

Take at least such of them as “Your Ray, flying far ...”, “Still eyes, Crazy eyes ...”, “The sun is a ray between lindens ...”, “I extend my hand to you in silence ...”, etc..
The poet sang beauty where he saw it, and he found it everywhere. He was an artist with exceptional developed sense beauty. Perhaps that is why in his poems there are such wonderful pictures of nature that he accepted it as it is, not allowing any decorations of reality.

Love lyrics of the poet. Just as wonderful for Fet was the feeling of love, to which many of the poet's works are devoted. Love for him is protection, a safe haven "from the eternal splash and noise of life." Fet's love lyrics are rich in shades, tenderness, warmth coming from within the soul. “Fragrant honey of love joy and magical dreams” Fet depicted in his works in words of extreme freshness and transparency. Permeated now with light sadness, now with light joy, his love lyrics still warms the hearts of readers, "burns with eternal gold in singing."

In all the works of A. Fet, he is impeccably faithful in descriptions or feelings, then the nature of their small risks, shades, moods. It is thanks to this that the poet created amazing works that have been striking us for so many years with filigree psychological accuracy. Among them are such poetic masterpieces as "Whisper, timid breath...", "I came to you with greetings...", "At dawn you don't wake her...", "The dawn says goodbye to the earth... ".

Fet's poetry is the poetry of allusions, conjectures, omissions, his poems for the most part do not have a plot, they are lyrical miniatures, the purpose of which is not so much to convey thoughts and feelings to the reader, but rather the "flying" mood of the poet. He was far from spiritual storms and anxieties. The poet wrote:

"The language of mental storm
Was incomprehensible to me."

Fet was deeply convinced that beauty is a real important element in building the world, which provides it with harmonious balance and integrity. Therefore, he sought and found beauty in everything: in fallen leaves, in a rose that surprisingly smiled “on the day of fleeting September”, in the colors of “native sky”. The poet distinguished between the "mind of the mind" and the "mind of the heart." He believed that only the "mind of the heart" could penetrate the outer shell beautiful essence being. There is no access to anything terrible, ugly, disharmonious in the heart-smart lyrics of Fet.

In 1892, the poet died of an asthma attack, two days before the age of 72. Before that, he tried to commit suicide. He was buried in the village of Kleymenovo - the Shenshin family estate, 25 miles from Orel.

Fet's work had a significant influence on the Symbolist poets of the early twentieth century - V. Bryusov, A. Blok, A. Bely, and then - S. Yesenin, B. Pasternak and others.
Conclusion. Analyzing the works of the poet, we can say with full confidence that Russian school of pure art not only was not inferior to French, but perhaps even surpassed it in some way. Unlike the representatives of the French school of "pure art", who in their poems paid attention primarily to the rhythm of the verse, repetitions, the alternation of letters in words, the creation of verses - symbols, Russian poets were masters of "musical verses" that were easy to read. The images created in the poems were light, permeated with light, appealed to the best feelings of a person, taught beauty, taught to find and love beauty in every manifestation of nature, or a feeling of love.

The poems of the representatives of the Russian school of "pure art" are more understandable to the reader, since their poems are not burdened with a large number of symbolic images. An interesting feature Russian poets is that they not only sang of nature, but also treated it as something outstanding, amazing, which could become the meaning of life. It is in nature, love for a woman or a man that a person should find inspiration for life, work, creativity, love for the motherland. In my opinion, the Russian poets of the “pure art” school sang of nature in their poems through their special attitude towards it, while the French poets simply believed that it was worthy to preserve for centuries only poems about the eternal, something sublime, not ordinary. That is why nature reigned in the verses of the French.

Therefore, I am more impressed by the lyrics of the poets Fet and F. Tyutchev, which, through all its dissimilarity, fascinates with its beauty, subtle sense of the “soul of nature” and the desire to reflect it in all its manifestations.

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Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet is one of the outstanding lyric poets of the 19th century. “This is not just a poet, but rather a poet-musician,” wrote P. I. Tchaikovsky about him.

Indeed, many romances have been written to Fet’s words: “The garden is all in bloom” by Arensky, “Your luxurious wreath is fresh and fragrant” by Rimsky-Korsakov, “In the invisible haze” by Taneyev, “I won’t tell you anything ...” by Tchaikovsky, “ In the silence of the secret night ... "Rakhmaninov and others.

One of the first to be set to music by the composer Varlamov was the poem “Don’t wake her up at dawn…”:

Don't wake her up at dawn
At dawn she sleeps so sweetly
Morning breathes on her chest
Brightly puffs on the pits of the cheeks.

And her pillow is hot
And a hot tiring dream,
And, blackening, they run on their shoulders
Braids tape on both sides.

And yesterday at the window in the evening
For a long, long time she sat
And watched the game through the clouds,
What, sliding, started the moon.

And the brighter the moon played
And the louder the nightingale whistled,
She became more and more pale
My heart was beating harder and harder.

That's why on a young chest,
On the cheeks so the morning burns.
Don't wake her up, don't wake her up
At dawn, she sleeps so sweetly.

The feelings of a young woman are conveyed by the poet with exceptional artistic expressiveness. The poem is written in song intonation: three-syllable meter with an accent on the last syllable - an anapaest.

Some poetic lines begin, as in folk songs, with the same words (“At dawn, you don’t wake her, at dawn she sleeps so sweetly; and her pillow is hot, and her tiring dream is hot”). The repetition of the first lines at the end of the poem: “Don’t wake her up, don’t wake her up” enhances the intonation-melodic sound of the poem.

In 1850, the critic Apollon Grigoriev wrote about this poem: "... a song that has become almost folk."

No less poetic and musical are the landscape lyrics of A. A. Fet. Poems about nature are combined by him into separate cycles according to the seasons: "Spring", "Summer", "Autumn", "Snow". A special cycle is dedicated to the sea. Fet loved nature, knew it very well and felt it subtly.

The poet personifies natural phenomena, perceives them as animated beings, thanks to which the landscapes are always covered with a certain mood:

color garden breathes
Apple, cherry.

............................
tormented by song
Nightingale without a rose
Weeping old stone
Dropping tears into the pond...
("In the haze-invisibility.")

A. A. Fet can be called a singer of nature and love. Questions public life in his works, he did not touch. The poet "never could understand that art was interested in anything other than beauty", and acted as a defender of "pure art". He considered artistic creativity as the only refuge "from all sorts of sorrows, including civil ones", and sought to oppose art to reality. Fet's literary principles are closely connected with his general outlook, with his life.

He was born in 1820 in the village of Novoselki, not far from Mtsensk (Orel Region), into the family of a wealthy landowner. Until the age of 14, Fet lived and studied at home, and then in a boarding house. In 1837 he entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of History and Philology.

His poetic talent was clearly manifested during his studies at the university. As a student, he is already becoming a famous poet and is published in literary magazines. After graduating from the university, Fet entered the military service and spent nine years in the remote places of the Kherson province.

Since 1854, Fet began to collaborate in the Sovremennik magazine. But even in this best time of his activity, he did not find himself in the camp of fighters for freedom and democracy, but opposed them and, together with a group of noble writers, left Sovremennik in 1859. From that moment, Fet finally withdrew from public life and took up the landowner's economy and zemstvo affairs. His muse continued to serve the ideals of love and beauty, and he did not notice how Russian literature struggled to solve the most difficult national problems.

Which is presented in this article - Russian lyric poet, translator, memoirist. He was born in 1820, November 23, and died in 1892, November 21.

The childhood of the future poet

In a small estate located in the Orel province, in the Mtsensk district, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born. His biography is interesting already by the very origin of the future poet. His father worked as an assessor in the court of Darmstadt, his mother, Charlotte Elizabeth Becker, left her husband in her seventh month of pregnancy and secretly left for Russia with Afanasy Shenshin. When the boy was born, he was baptized according to the Orthodox tradition. They named him Athanasius. He was recorded as the son of Shenshin. Charlotte Elizaveta Fet converted to Orthodoxy in 1822, after which she married Shenshin.

Studies

Fet received a good education. It was easy for the able Athanasius to study. He graduated in 1837 in the city of Verro, located in Estonia, a private German school. Already at this time, the future poet began to write poetry, and also showed interest in classical philology and literature. In order to prepare for the university, after school he studied with Professor Pogodin in a boarding house. This man was a journalist, historian and writer. Afanasy Fet in 1838 entered first the law, and then the philosophical faculty of the university in Moscow.

First collection of poems

While studying at the university, he became close to Apollon Grigoriev, one of the students who was fond of poetry. Together they began to attend a circle in which they studied literature and philosophy. Fet, with the participation of Grigoriev, released the first collection of his poems called "Lyrical Pantheon". This book received Belinsky's approval. Gogol also noted that Fet is "an undoubted talent." For the poet, this became a kind of blessing, inspired him to further work. His poems in 1842 were published in various publications, including such popular magazines as Moskvityanin and Otechestvennye Zapiski. In 1844, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet graduated from the university. His biography then continued with military service.

Military service

Afanasy Afanasyevich left Moscow in 1845 and entered the cuirassier regiment located in the south of Russia. The poet believed that military service was necessary for him in order to regain his noble rank. A year later, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet received the rank of officer. His biography was supplemented in 1853 by another important event: the novice poet was transferred to the guards regiment stationed not far from St. Petersburg. Afanasy Afanasyevich often visited the capital, met with Goncharov, Turgenev, Nekrasov, and also became close to the editors of Sovremennik, a popular magazine at that time. The military career as a whole was not very successful. Fet in 1858 resigned with the rank of captain.

tragic love

During the years of service, Afanasy Fet experienced a tragic love that had a great influence on his work. His brief biography certainly includes a mention of Maria Lazich. It was the beloved of the poet, a girl from a poor but good family. This circumstance became an obstacle to marriage. The lovers parted, and after a while the girl died tragically in a fire (they also talked about suicide). The poet kept the memory of her until his death.

Marriage to Maria Botkina

Afanasy Fet, at the age of 37, married the daughter of a tea merchant from a wealthy family, Maria Botkina. She was not distinguished by beauty and youth. This marriage was arranged. The poet told the bride before the wedding about his origin, and mentioned the birth curse, which, in his opinion, could become an obstacle to marriage (read about it below). However, these confessions did not frighten Maria Botkina, and in 1857 the wedding took place. Afanasy Fet retired a year later.

Biography (short) of these years of his life is as follows. The poet settled in Moscow, where he began to engage in literature. The family life of Afanasy Afanasyevich was prosperous. He increased the fortune of Maria Botkina. This couple had no children. Athanasius Fet in 1867 was elected a justice of the peace. He lived on his estate like a real landowner. The poet began to work with renewed vigor only after the return of all the privileges of a hereditary nobleman and the surname of his stepfather.

Creativity Fet

Significant footprint in domestic literature left by Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. A brief biography includes only his main creative achievements. Let's talk about them. The collection "Lyrical Pantheon" was released while still studying at the university. Fet's first poems were an attempt to get away from hard reality. He wrote a lot about love, sang the beauty of nature in his works. Even then, one characteristic feature appeared in his work: Afanasy Afanasyevich spoke of eternal and important concepts only in hints, he was able to skillfully convey various shades of mood, awakening bright and pure emotions in readers.

"Mascot"

After the death of Maria Lazich, Fet's work took on a new direction. Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet dedicated a poem called "Talisman" to his beloved. A brief biography of this girl will be presented at the end of this article, when we will tell you about some interesting facts from the life of the poet. Researchers suggest that all subsequent poems by Afanasy Afanasyevich about love were dedicated to her. "Talisman" aroused keen interest from critics and many positive reviews. Fet at that time was recognized as one of the best poets of our time.

Afanasy Afanasyevich was considered one of the representatives of the so-called pure art. That is, in his works he did not touch upon important social issues, remaining a staunch monarchist and conservative until the end of his life. Fet in 1856 published his third collection of poetry, in which he sang beauty. It was she who he considered the main and only goal of creativity.

The heavy blows of fate did not go unnoticed for the poet. Afanasy Afanasyevich became hardened, broke off relations with many friends, and practically stopped creating. The poet in 1863 published a two-volume collection of his works, and then there was a 20-year break in his work.

"Evening Lights"

Only after the return of the privileges of a hereditary nobleman and the surname of his stepfather, he took up creativity with renewed vigor. By the end of his life, the works of Afanasy Fet acquired an increasingly philosophical connotation, the so-called metaphysical realism was present in them. Afanasy Fet wrote about the unity of man with the entire universe, about eternity, about higher reality. Afanasy Afanasyevich wrote in the period from 1883 to 1891 more than three hundred different poems included in the collection entitled "Evening Lights". This collection went through four editions during the life of the poet, and the fifth came out after his death.

Death of Athanasius Fet

The great poet died of a heart attack. However, researchers of his work and life are convinced that before his death he made an attempt to commit suicide. But it is impossible to say for sure whether the life of such a person as Afanasy Fet was marked by this episode. Biography, Interesting Facts it is sometimes controversial among researchers. Some of them are still recognized by the majority as reliable.

• When the future poet was 14 years old (in 1834), it turned out that he was not legally the son of Shenshin, a Russian landowner, and the record of this was made illegally. An anonymous denunciation made by an unknown person became the cause of the proceedings. As a sentence, the decision sounded: Athanasius should now bear the name of his mother, and he also lost Russian citizenship and the privileges of a hereditary nobleman. Suddenly, from a rich heir, he turned into a man with no name. Fet took this event as a shame. The obsession was for him the return of the lost position. His dream came true only in 1873, when Fet was already 53 years old.
• A heavy burden was marked by the fate of such a poet as Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. A biography for children usually does not mention this about him. For the poet, there was a danger of one generic disease. The fact is that there were crazy people in his family. Already in adulthood, the two brothers Fet lost their minds. Toward the end of his life, his mother also suffered from insanity. This woman begged everyone to kill her. Sister Nadia, shortly before the marriage of Afanasy Afanasyevich with Maria Botkina, also ended up in a psychiatric clinic. Her brother visited her there, but Nadia did not recognize him. Afanasy Fet often noticed bouts of severe melancholy behind him, whose biography and work confirm this. The poet was always afraid that he would suffer the same fate as his relatives.

• In 1847, during military service in Fedorovka, the poet met a girl named Maria Lazich. Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet fell in love with her very much. His biography and work were largely formed under the influence of this meeting. The relationship between the lovers began with a light flirtation, which gradually grew into a deep feeling. However, the beautiful, well-educated Maria could not still become a good match for Fet, who hoped to regain the title of nobleman. Realizing that he truly loves this girl, the poet nevertheless decided that he would not marry her. The girl reacted calmly to this, but after a while she decided to break off relations with Fet. After that, the poet was informed about the tragedy in Fedorovka. A fire broke out in Maria's room, her clothes caught fire. The girl, trying to save herself, ran out first to the balcony, and then to the garden. However, the wind only fanned the flames. Maria Lazich was dying for several days. The last words of this girl were about Fet. The poet took this loss hard. Until the end of his life, he regretted that he did not marry Mary. His soul was empty, and there was no more true love in his life.

So, you met such a poet as Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. Biography and creativity were briefly presented in this article. We hope that this information made the reader want to get to know the great poet better. The poetry of the so-called new classicism was marked by the work of such an author as Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich. The biography (full) is presented by B.Ya. Bukhshtab. The book is called "A. A. Fet. Essay on life and work." Through this work, you can get to know such a great Russian poet as Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. The biography by date is given in some detail.

The future poet was born on November 23 (December 5, according to the new style), 1820 in the village. Novoselki of the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province (Russian Empire).

As the son of Charlotte-Elizabeth Becker, who left Germany in 1820, Athanasius was adopted by the nobleman Shenshin. After 14 years, an unpleasant event occurred in the biography of Afanasy Fet: an error was discovered in the birth record, which deprived him of his title.

Education

In 1837, Fet graduated from the private boarding school of Krimmer in the city of Verro (now Estonia). In 1838 he entered the Faculty of Philosophy at Moscow University, continuing to take a great interest in literature. He graduated from the university in 1844.

Creativity of the poet

In a brief biography of Fet, it is worth noting that the first poems were written by him in his youth. Fet's poetry was first published in the collection "Lyrical Pantheon" in 1840. Since then, Fet's poems have been constantly published in magazines.

In an effort to regain his title of nobility by all possible means, Afanasy Fet went to serve as a non-commissioned officer. Then, in 1853, in Fet's life, there is a transition to the Guards Regiment. Creativity Fet even in those days does not stand still. In 1850, his second collection was published, in 1856 - the third.

In 1857 the poet marries Maria Botkina. Having retired in 1858, without having achieved the return of the title, he acquires land, devotes himself to housekeeping.

Fet's new works, published from 1862 to 1871, make up the cycles "From the Village", "Notes on Freelance Labor". They include novels, short stories, essays. Afanasy Afanasievich Fet strictly distinguishes between his prose and poetry. Poetry is romantic for him, and prose is realistic.

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Birth history. Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born in November or December 1820 in the village. Novoselki Oryol province. The story of his birth is not quite usual. His father, Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin, a retired captain, belonged to an old noble family and was a wealthy landowner. While being treated in Germany, he married Charlotte Feth, whom he took to Russia from her living husband and daughter. Two months later, Charlotte gave birth to a boy named Athanasius and given the surname Shenshin.

Fourteen years later, the spiritual authorities of the Eagle discovered that the child was born before the wedding of the parents and Athanasius was deprived of the right to bear his father's surname and title of nobility and became a German subject. This event is a highly impressionable soul of a child, and Fet experienced the ambiguity of his position almost all his life. The special position in the family influenced the further fate of Afanasy Fet - he had to earn for himself the rights of the nobility, which the church deprived him of. Between the university and the army. Although the Shenshin family did not differ in a special culture, Fet received a good education.

From 1835 to 1837 he studied at a German Protestant boarding school in Verro (now Võru, Estonia). Here he enthusiastically studies classical philology and secretly begins to write poetry. Fet mastered the Latin language here, which helped him later translate ancient Roman poets. After Verro, Fet continued his education at the boarding school of Professor Pogodin to prepare for Moscow University, where he was enrolled in 1838 in the department of literature of the Faculty of Philosophy. During his university years, Fet became especially friends with the future famous critic and poet Apollon Grigoriev.

Together they discussed the poetic tests of the pen, which were included in the first poetic collection - "Lyric Pantheon" (1840): humble creatures, Will share Secret sufferings With my agitated soul "These were imitative poems, and the poetry of Pushkin and Venediktov, to whom, as Fet recalled, he enthusiastically "howled" became the role models.

Within two or three years after the publication of The Lyric Pantheon, Fet publishes collections of poems on the pages of magazines, in particular Moskvitianin and Otechestvennye Zapiski, but they do not bring the expected wealth. With the hope of regaining his nobility, the young poet leaves Moscow and entered military service in a cuirassier regiment, stationed in the Kherson province. Subsequently, in his memoirs, Fet writes: “This imprisonment will continue for a long time - I don’t know, and in a moment various Gogol Wii climb into the eyes, and you still need to smile ... I can compare my life with a dirty puddle.” But in 1858 A. Fet was forced to retire.

He never received noble rights - at that time the nobility gave only the rank of colonel, and he was the headquarters - captain. This made his further military career useless. Of course, military service was not in vain for Fet: these were the dawn years of his poetic activity. In 1850, "Poems" by A. Fet were published in Moscow, greeted by readers with delight. In St. Petersburg, he met Nekrasov, Panaev, Druzhinin, Goncharov, Yazykov. He later became friends with Leo Tolstoy. This friendship was long and necessary for both.

During the years of military service, Afanasy Fet experienced a tragic love that influenced all his work. It was love for the daughter of a poor landowner Maria Lazich, a fan of his poetry, a very talented and educated girl. She also fell in love with him, but they were both poor, and for this reason A. Fet did not dare to join his fate with his beloved girl. Soon Maria Lazich died under mysterious circumstances.

Until his death, the poet remembered his unhappy love; in many of his poems, her unfading breath is heard.
In 1856 a new book of the poet was published. Fulfillment of desires. After retiring, Fet married the sister of the critic Botkin, M. Botkin, who belonged to a wealthy Moscow merchant family. It was a marriage of convenience, and the poet sincerely confessed to the bride the secrets of his birth. With the money of his wife, Fet in 1860 buys the Stepanovka estate and becomes a landowner, where he lives for seventeen years, only occasionally visiting Moscow. Here he found his royal decree that the surname Shenshin, with all the rights associated with it, was finally approved for him. He became a nobleman.

In 1877, Afanasy Afanasyevich bought the village of Vorobyovka in the Kursk province, where he spent the rest of his life, only leaving for Moscow for the winter. These years, in contrast to the years spent in Stepanovka, are characterized by his return to literature. Beginning in 1883, he published a number of collections of lyrical poems, united by a common title - "Evening Lights" (first issue - 1883; second issue - 1885; third issue - 1888; fourth issue - 1891). In his poems, the poet refuses any abstraction, since mental states are difficult to analyze, and even more difficult to convey in words the subtle movements of the soul.

Creativity A. A. Fet. A. Fet's poems are pure poetry, in the context that there is not a drop of prose. Fet limited his poetry to three themes: love, nature, art. Usually he did not sing of hot feelings, despair, delight, lofty thoughts. No, he wrote about the simplest things - about pictures of nature, about rain, about snow, about the sea, about mountains, about forests, about stars, about the simplest movements of the soul, even about minute impressions. His poetry is joyful and bright, it has a sense of light and peace. Even about his ruined love, he writes lightly and calmly, although his feeling is deep and fresh, as in the first minutes. Until the end of his life, Fetu did not change the joy that pervaded almost all of his poems.

The beauty, naturalness, sincerity of his poetry reach complete perfection, his verse is amazingly expressive, figurative, musical. “This is not just a poet, but rather a poet-musician…” Tchaikovsky said about him. Many romances were written to Fet's poems, which quickly gained wide popularity.

Fet is a singer of Russian nature. Fet can be called a singer of Russian nature. The approach of spring and autumn withering, a fragrant summer night and a frosty day, a rye field stretching endlessly and without edge and a dense shady forest - he writes about all this in his poems. Fet's nature is always calm, hushed, as if frozen. And at the same time, it is surprisingly rich in sounds and colors, lives its own life, hidden from the inattentive eye:

"I came to you with greetings,
Say that the sun has risen
What is hot light
The sheets fluttered;
Tell that the forest woke up
All woke up, each branch,
Startled by every bird
And full of spring thirst ... "

Fet perfectly conveys the "fragrant freshness of feelings" inspired by nature, its beauty, charm. His poems are imbued with a bright, joyful mood, the happiness of love. The poet unusually subtly reveals the various shades of human experiences. He knows how to catch and clothe in bright, vivid images even fleeting spiritual movements that are difficult to identify and convey in words:

"Whisper, timid breath,
trill nightingale,
Silver and flutter
sleeping stream,
Night light, night shadows,
Shadows without end
A series of magical changes
sweet face,
In smoky clouds purple roses,
reflections of amber,
And kisses, and tears,
And dawn, dawn! .. »

Usually A. Fet in his poems dwells on one figure, on one turn of feelings, and at the same time, his poetry cannot be called monotonous, on the contrary, it strikes with diversity and a multitude of topics. The special charm of his poems, in addition to the content, is precisely in the nature of the moods of poetry. Muse Fet is light, airy, as if there is nothing earthly in her, although she tells us exactly about the earth. There is almost no action in his poetry, each of his verses is a whole kind of impressions, thoughts, joys and sorrows.

Take at least such of them as “Your Ray, flying far ...”, “Still eyes, Crazy eyes ...”, “The sun is a ray between lindens ...”, “I extend my hand to you in silence ...”, etc..
The poet sang beauty where he saw it, and he found it everywhere. He was an artist with an exceptionally developed sense of beauty. Perhaps that is why in his poems there are such wonderful pictures of nature that he accepted it as it is, not allowing any decorations of reality.

Love lyrics of the poet. Just as wonderful for Fet was the feeling of love, to which many of the poet's works are devoted. Love for him is protection, a safe haven "from the eternal splash and noise of life." Fet's love lyrics are rich in shades, tenderness, warmth coming from within the soul. “Fragrant honey of love joy and magical dreams” Fet depicted in his works in words of extreme freshness and transparency. Permeated now with light sadness, now with light joy, his love lyrics still warm the hearts of readers, “burning with eternal gold in singing.”

In all the works of A. Fet, he is impeccably faithful in descriptions or feelings, then the nature of their small risks, shades, moods. It is thanks to this that the poet created amazing works that have been striking us for so many years with filigree psychological accuracy. Among them are such poetic masterpieces as "Whisper, timid breath...", "I came to you with greetings...", "At dawn you don't wake her...", "The dawn says goodbye to the earth... ".

Fet's poetry is the poetry of allusions, conjectures, omissions, his poems for the most part have no plot, they are lyrical miniatures, the purpose of which is not so much to convey thoughts and feelings to the reader, but rather the "flying" mood of the poet. He was far from spiritual storms and anxieties. The poet wrote:

"The language of mental storm
Was incomprehensible to me."

Fet was deeply convinced that beauty is a real important element in building the world, which provides it with harmonious balance and integrity. Therefore, he sought and found beauty in everything: in fallen leaves, in a rose that surprisingly smiled “on the day of fleeting September”, in the colors of “native sky”. The poet distinguished between the "mind of the mind" and the "mind of the heart." He believed that only the “mind of the heart” could penetrate the outer shell of the beautiful essence of being. Fet's heartfelt lyrics have no access to anything terrible, ugly, disharmonious.

In 1892, the poet died of an asthma attack, two days before the age of 72. Before that, he tried to commit suicide. He was buried in the village of Kleymenovo, the Shenshin family estate, 25 versts from Orel.

Fet's work had a significant influence on the Symbolist poets of the early twentieth century - V. Bryusov, A. Blok, A. Bely, and then - S. Yesenin, B. Pasternak and others.
Conclusion. Analyzing the works of the poet, one can say with full confidence that the Russian school of pure art not only was not inferior to the French, but perhaps even surpassed it in some way. Unlike the representatives of the French school of "pure art", who in their poems paid attention primarily to the rhythm of the verse, repetition, the alternation of letters in words, the creation of verses - symbols, Russian poets were masters of "musical verses" that were easy to read. The images created in the poems were light, permeated with light, appealed to the best feelings of a person, taught beauty, taught to find and love beauty in every manifestation of nature, or a feeling of love.

The poems of the representatives of the Russian school of "pure art" are more understandable to the reader, since their poems are not burdened with a large number of symbolic images. An interesting feature of Russian poets is that they not only sang of nature, but also treated it as something outstanding, amazing, which could become the meaning of life. It is in nature, love for a woman or a man that a person should find inspiration for life, work, creativity, love for the motherland. In my opinion, the Russian poets of the “pure art” school sang of nature in their poems through their special attitude towards it, while the French poets simply believed that it was worthy to preserve for centuries only poems about the eternal, something sublime, not ordinary. That is why nature reigned in the verses of the French.

Therefore, I am more impressed by the lyrics of the poets Fet and F. Tyutchev, which, through all its dissimilarity, fascinates with its beauty, subtle sense of the “soul of nature” and the desire to reflect it in all its manifestations.

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A. A. Fet (1820-1892) is much less of an anthologist than Maikov; in his first collection, Lyrical Pantheon (1840), there are very few anthological poems ("Bacchae", "Already, laying sickles on her shoulders, weary reapers ..."); there are much more manifestations of epigone romanticism in it - oriental, medieval and folklore ballads ("Abduction from the harem", "Castle Raufenbach", "Strangled"), Spanish ("Serenade") and oriental ("Odalisque") plots with a characteristic stylistic design, lexical composition.

In the early 40s. Fet more than once refers to "imitations of the ancients", creates many magnificent anthological poems, distinguished by "both brightness and clarity of expression" - the poem "Diana" (1847), for example; however, this genre is internally alien to him.

The direction of Fet's further work is determined not by "picturesqueness or plasticity of images", but by "subjective-poetic mood". If, according to the definition of a contemporary, the main thing in Maykov is “the concentrated observation of the external manifestations of nature, the observation of a painter who is sensitive to the beauty of colors and lines”, then Fet first of all characterizes “an unaccountably enthusiastic desire to recreate the poetic moments of our life in words, - the desire, which already at that time Mr. Tyutchev distinguished himself and with whom Mr. Fet was preparing to enter into literature.

The future Fet is already easily guessed in a novice writer. In the 40s. he created poems to the same extent "Fetov" as those that belong to a later time - the period of his creative flowering. In most of Fet's early poems, one can notice the desire for a certain complexity of thematic movement, entirely due to his purely individual associations.

The smooth course of poetic thought is disturbed; the absence of certain links in its development creates a feeling of innuendo, fragmentation, random connection of motives (“A wavy cloud ...”, 1843; “How a new bonnet comes to you ...”, 1847; “The cat sings, squinting his eyes ...” , 1842; "I'm waiting ... Nightingale echo", 1842). Fet does not strive for clarity, certainty of the lyrical situation, psychological clarity of images.

The main thing for him is to reproduce the emotional atmosphere, to convey the mood, to fix the indefinite, obscure, vague spiritual movements of a person, individual moments in the development of feelings, in the development of the relationship of the characters (“Kenkets, and marble, and bronze ...”, 1847; “On a double glass patterns ... ", 1847; "You say to me: forgive me ...", 1847).

Fet’s frequent repetitions of indefinite turns are not accidental - something, somehow, some (“Some secret thirst”, “Some night spirit owns the garden”), negative, interrogative intonations (“I don’t know : in the life of the local Duma, are the feelings right, are the feelings right?.. I hear my heart beats faster, And what’s wrong with me? — I don’t know!”). the image and name of what before it was nothing but a vague, fleeting sensation of the human soul, a sensation without an image and a name.

The nature of the subject of the image in Fet's poetry explains his frequent appeals to the theme of dreams, dreams, dreams (“I see you in my dreams ...”, 1847; “These thoughts, these dreams ...”, 1847; “Fantasy”, 1847). The most important aesthetic principles that determined the poetics of the mature Fet were declared by him already in the 40s.

The impossibility of conveying in a word these “vague, fleeting sensations of the human soul” forced the poet to turn to the language of the “soul” (“Oh, if only it were possible to speak with the soul without a word!”), “The language of the eyes” (“And tell her everything with the language of the eyes” ), the language of smells (“I have long wanted to speak with you with an odorous rhyme”), the language of sounds:

Speak to my soul;

What can not be expressed in words -

Sound on the soul.

Here is the fundamental justification for the "musicality" of Fet's poetry, which in this respect continues the "melodic" line of Zhukovsky and Tyutchev. Already in the 40s. a poem was written "Your luxurious wreath is fresh and fragrant ...", the lyrical theme of which develops according to the laws of movement of the musical theme (such, in particular, is the function of the refrain). A cycle of poems with the characteristic title “Melodies” (“Quiet, starry night ...”, 1842; “Storm in the evening sky ...”, 1842; “Smile of languishing boredom ...”, 1844; “For the stern trickles curl ... ", 1844).

In the 40s. the principle of word usage, which surprised the poet's contemporaries, is also taking shape - "strange" epithets, seemingly impossible combinations of words, perceived as incredible "lyrical audacity".

Fet's early poems are filled with cutting ears of the reader and critics of the 40s. combinations such as "ringing garden", "melting violin", "long eyes", "ruddy childhood", "silver dreams", which become possible when referring not to the direct meaning of the word, but to an extremely extended figurative one; the connection between the main meaning and the figurative is established along the line of a purely emotional perception of the word.

Fet's poetry already in the 40s. was noticed by contemporaries. Appeal to the world of simple, everyday human feelings, poetization of spiritual movements close and understandable to everyone, the extraordinary art of lyrical communication with the reader - all this was new, unusual, attractive.

In the same direction, the poetic work of Ya. P. Polonsky (1819-1898), close to Fet in its melodic form, is developing. His romance poems of the 40s, such as "The Sun and the Moon" (1841), "The Challenge" (1844), "The Recluse" (1846), "The Song of the Gypsy" (1853), "The Bell" (1854) , - samples of romance lyrics slightly modified in accordance with the requirements of the time, already from the end of the 30s. replacing the traditional classical elegy.

Maikov, Shcherbina, Fet, and Polonsky, each in accordance with the characteristics of his individual talent, paved the way for the liberation of modern poetry from that “dull, dissatisfied, sadly lazy element” that gave it the “print of monotony”.

Their, according to Druzhinin, "fresh, strong, self-confident, sometimes discordant" voices returned to poetry the life authenticity, simplicity, naturalness that it had lost; opened up new possibilities for artistic comprehension of the world. In the 40s. the work of each of these poets was perceived as a phenomenon opposing, on the one hand, vulgar romanticism, and on the other hand, the “reflective” direction in poetry, and in this respect the poems of the anthologist poets and Fet's poetry are equal.

However, in a broader sense, as a certain stage in the formation of Russian poetry as a whole, Fet's early lyrics are much more significant than the anthological experiments of Maikov or Shcherbina. Anthological lyrics did not contain the prerequisites for further development, and did not indicate the path of this development. The discoveries made by Fet in the 40s, in essence, determined a fundamentally new turn in the development of intimate psychological lyrics, for many decades remained a living literary phenomenon, were picked up by poets of the beginning of the new century.

As a poet of the 40s. Fet certainly experienced the “trends of the times”, the content of which Belinsky expressed as follows: “Reality is the slogan and the last word modern world! The "material" of Fet's poetry is, in general, also reality, but only a narrow, defined area of ​​it: the area of ​​a person's spiritual life, his feelings and impressions.

Fet is not interested in the world of modern ideas and modern images: the poet's social indifference manifested itself already in his first poetic experiments. In his poetic development, it is no coincidence that he proceeds from the aesthetic system already adopted in the previous decade; the search for a new poet leads within the purely romantic sphere. On a particular example of Fet's creative relationship with Benediktov, K. Shimkevich showed this well.

Overcoming the poetic tradition of the 1930s took a different path. in the work of poets who are not alien to the ideological, social movement of his time. Here the source of new means of lyrical expression was prose. This appeal to the leading genre of the era was fully justified, since it was in prose - and, more specifically, in the prose of the "natural school" - that the advanced ideas of the time found their expression.

A similar phenomenon has been observed more than once in the history of Russian poetry; describing, for example, poetic era In the 1850s and 1860s, I. G. Yampolsky wrote that “in the history of literature, it happened more than once that the influence of narrative prose was clearly felt on some poetic direction.”

History of Russian literature: in 4 volumes / Edited by N.I. Prutskov and others - L., 1980-1983