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✪ Why do people get smarter? Flynn effect, intelligence quotient and IQ tests

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✪ The whole truth about IQ tests aikyu intelligence / how to test aikyu

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The concept of the IQ was introduced by the German scientist Wilhelm Stern in 1912. He drew attention to the serious shortcomings of mental age as an indicator in the Binet scales. Stern suggested using the quotient of mental age divided by chronological age as an indicator of intelligence. IQ was first used in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916 (originally by Binet in 1903).

IN present time interest in IQ tests has increased many times over, as a result of which a variety of unreasonable scales have appeared. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to compare the results of different tests, and the IQ number itself has lost its informative value.

Tests

Each test consists of many different tasks of increasing complexity. Among them test tasks on logical and spatial thinking, as well as tasks of other types - tests usually include logical and arithmetic tasks, orientation in practical situations - the ability to independently compare, generalize known facts (creative approach, including non-standard thinking - an ambiguous answer is allowed, the formulation of several hypotheses , different arguments), checking RAM, etc. Based on the results of the test, IQ is calculated. It has been observed that the more test options a subject passes, the top scores He shows. The most famous test is the Eysenck test. More accurate are the tests of D. Wexler, J. Raven, R. Amthauer, R.B. Cattell. At the moment there is no single standard for IQ tests.

The tests are divided into age groups and show the development of a person corresponding to his age. That is, a child at 10 and a university graduate can have the same IQ, because the development of each of them corresponds to its age group. The Eysenck test was developed for the age group of 18 years and older and provides for a maximum IQ level of 180 points.

What affects IQ

Heredity

The role of genetics and environment in IQ prediction is considered in Plomin et al.(2001, 2003). Until recently, heredity has been mainly studied in children. Various studies in the USA have shown the influence of heredity on IQ in the range between 0.4 and 0.8. This means that the difference in IQ among observed children depends on genes by a value of 40 to 80%. The rest depends on the conditions of the child's existence and measurement error. Heredity between 0.4 and 0.8 means that IQ is largely hereditary.

Individual genes

For work human brain responds to most of the more than 17,000 available genes. Although some studies show the effect of individual genes on IQ levels, none of them has a noticeable effect. Most of the identified relationships between genes and IQ were false positives. Latest Research showed a weak effect of individual genes on the IQ both among the adult population and among children.

Search for hereditary causes of IQ

Research has begun to find out the genetic differences between people with high and low IQs. So, the Beijing Genomics Institute (eng. Beijing Genomics Institute) is starting a project on a genome-wide search for associations in people with high mental abilities. The discovery of genetic causes may allow the invention of means to increase IQ. Countries that gain access to such technologies will be able to advance even further in economic and scientific and technological development.

Environment

The environment, in particular the family, has a significant impact on the development of the child's intelligence. Dependences on many factors characterizing the standard of living of a family were identified, for example, the size and cost of a house, annual income, relationships between family members, methods of education, and more. Such an influence brings to the IQ a share of 0.25 - 0.35. But the older the child becomes, the weaker this dependence manifests itself, almost completely disappearing by the time of adulthood. These studies were conducted among ordinary families with two parents.

Due to the genetic characteristics of each person, children from the same family may react differently to the same environmental factors.

An unhealthy, restricted diet can reduce the brain's ability to process information. Research 25,446 people Danish National Birth Cohort led to the conclusion that eating fish during pregnancy and breastfeeding an infant increases its IQ.

Another study of over 13,000 children showed that breastfeeding can increase a child's intelligence by 7 points. After the publication of these results, they were subjected to harsh criticism, three critical responses to the article were published in the same journal. An insufficiently complete analysis of previous studies and ignoring accepted theories was noted, a simpler alternative mechanism for the formation of changes in IQ was proposed, the adequacy of the test in this age category of subjects was questioned, imbalance (“bias”) of the subjects in terms of linguistic composition was noted, others were emphasized methodological problems, and the overall reliability of the results is questioned.

Group differences

Floor

After reviewing more than 2,000 articles and books published since 1966, the authors of The Psychology of Sex Differences (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974) concluded that most claims about differences between the sexes are unfounded. In most IQ tests, the difference in scores between men and women is either absent or not statistically significant. The only empirically confirmed difference is in spatial reasoning tasks, which men perform better on average.

Race and nationality

Studies among US residents have shown [ ] the presence of a statistically significant gap between the average IQ of different racial groups. Thus, according to The Bell Curve (1994), the average IQ of African Americans is 85, Hispanics 89, Whites (European descent) 103, Asians (Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent) 106, Jews 113.

This gap can be used as a rationale for the so-called. "scientific racism", but according to some studies, the gap is gradually closing.

In addition, the average IQ, as measured by old tests, increases over time. As a result of the Flynn effect, the average IQ of Negroids in 1995 corresponds to the average IQ of Caucasians in 1945. Such significant changes that have occurred over several decades cannot be explained by genetic factors.

Influence social factors on IQ is confirmed by studies of orphans. In the US, children of African descent raised by white foster parents have ~10% higher IQs than non-whites. In one study, three of four tests found no statistically significant racial differences in the IQ of juveniles (2-5 years old) from orphanages in the UK, in one test, white children showed lower results

A difference of 10-15 points in IQ assessment was observed when comparing the average indicators of oppressed social groups (untouchables in India, burakumin in Japan, Maori in New Zealand) and the dominant social groups in these countries. At the same time, the difference disappeared when emigrating to another country, for example, a study among the children of Japanese immigrants in the United States did not show any differences in the indicators of burakumin from other Japanese. On this basis, a theory was formed about the key influence social structure society and social identification in learning and passing tests. Such identification may also lead to the fact that African American children consider good studies and the desire to get a high-status job as a betrayal of their identity.

A country

Differences in average IQ between countries were found. A number of studies have found a link between a country's average IQ and its economic development, GDP (see, for example,), democracy, crime, fertility and atheism. In developing countries, environmental factors such as malnutrition and disease are likely to lower the average national IQ.

Health and IQ

Malnutrition in childhood is critical for mental development; poor nutrition can reduce IQ.

Social Consequences

School performance

The American Psychological Association, in its report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), notes that, according to all studies, children with high IQ test scores tend to learn more school material than their peers with lower scores. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about 0.5. IQ tests are one way to select gifted children and develop individual (accelerated) learning plans for them.

Success in scientific activity

Some studies have found that purposefulness and originality play a higher role in achieving success in science. However, Dr. Eysenck cites a review of the IQ measurements (Roe, 1953) of eminent scientists at a level below the Nobel laureates. Their average IQ was 166, although some of them scored 177, the highest score on the test. Their average spatial IQ was 137, although it could have been higher at a younger age. Their average math IQ was 154 (128 to 194).

Labor productivity

According to Frank Schmidt and John Hunter, when hiring job seekers without relevant experience, general intellectual ability is the most successful predictor of future performance. In predicting job performance, IQ has some performance for any activity studied to date, but this performance varies by job type. Although IQ is more closely related to thinking ability than motor skills, scores on IQ tests predict performance in all occupations. Given this, for the most skilled activities (research, management), low IQ is more likely to be a barrier to sufficient performance, while for the least skilled activities, athletic strength (arm strength, speed, endurance, and coordination) is more likely to predict performance. . Basically, the predictive power of IQ is related to faster acquisition necessary knowledge and skills in the workplace.

The American Psychological Association in its report "Intelligence: Known and Unknown" notes that since IQ explains only 29% of differences in work performance, other personality characteristics, such as interpersonal skills, personality traits, etc., are likely to have the same or of great importance, but at the moment there are no such reliable tools for measuring them as IQ tests.

Income

Some studies have shown that intelligence and work productivity are linearly related, such that higher IQ leads to higher work productivity. Charles Murray, co-author of The Bell Curve, found that IQ has a significant impact on a person's income, regardless of the family and social class in which the person grew up.

The American Psychological Association report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995) notes that IQ scores explain about one-fourth of differences in social status and one-sixth of differences in income.

IQ and crime

The American Psychological Association in the report "Intelligence: Known and Unknown" notes that the correlation between IQ and crime is -0.2 (inverse relationship). A correlation of 0.20 means that the explained differences in crime are less than 4%. It is important to understand that causal relationships between IQ test scores and social outcomes may be indirect. Children who do poorly in school may feel alienated and therefore more likely to commit delinquency than children who do well.

In The g Factor (Arthur Jensen, 1998), Arthur Jensen cites data showing that people with an IQ in the 70-90 range, regardless of race, are more likely to commit crimes than people with an IQ below or above this interval, and the peak of crime falls on 80-90.

However, in fact, the data used by A. Jensen can only indicate a higher frequency commits the facts of committing offenses with a reliably established relationship "offender - offense" in relation to people with low IQ values. In other words: it's possible that high-IQ offenders are just less likely to get caught. And, as a result, the offenses committed by them are counted as committed by unknown people (respectively, with an unknown level of IQ).

Other

The average IQ of a country's population is related to the country's GDP (see Intelligence Ratio and Wealth of Nations) and government efficiency.

There is a study that found a correlation of 0.82 between the factor general intelligence and the SAT score (the Russian analogue is the Unified State Examination).

Criticism

IQ tests have been repeatedly criticized by scientists. Thus, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. A. Vasiliev found that in Eysenck's IQ tests, a significant part of the tasks was compiled incorrectly, or the author's solutions were incorrect. Here are Vasiliev's statements on this matter:

I ... decided to study the tests without haste, especially since their answers did not systematically coincide with mine in problems from my professional fields: logic and geometry. Also found out that the majority of decisions of the author of tests is incorrect. And in some cases, the subject generally only has to guess the answer - it makes no sense to rely on logic.

To this, one can notice that tasks for IQ tests evaluate not only the ability to logical, deductive thinking, but also to inductive. The rules for performing some IQ tests warn in advance that in some tasks the answers do not follow unambiguously from the task, and it is required to choose the most reasonable or simple answer [ ] . This corresponds to many real life situations where there is no clear answer.

If a person answered in the same way as Eysenck, then he thereby only demonstrates the standard of his thinking, a quick and predictable reaction to a simple stimulus. A slightly less flat person will think a hundred times before answering ... There are a myriad of possible solutions to each such problem. The smarter you are, the more likely it is that your solution will not coincide with the author's.
The practical meaning here is only one: the one who gives the “correct” answer on the test will be easier to fit into the average education system and communicate with people who think the same way as he does. In general, Eysenck is testing the ideal average.

Not intending to criticize IQ tests, the Soviet psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky nevertheless showed in his works that the current IQ of a child says little about the prospects for his further education and mental development. In this regard, he introduced the concept of "zone proximal development".

see also

• International Society for Philosophical Research, ISPE
• Marilyn vos Savant is the owner of the highest IQ in the world according to the Guinness Book of Records

Notes

1. At the same time, according to the results of some studies, Germans, on average, have a higher IQ coefficient than citizens of other countries [ ] (unavailable link since 26-04-2015 )
2. IQ// Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in 30 volumes) / A. M. Prokhorov (editor-in-chief). - 3rd ed. - M: Owls. encyclopedia, 1973. - T. XIII. - S. 306. - 608 p.
3. Plomin et al. (2001, 2003)
4. R. Plomin, N. L. Pedersen, P. Lichtenstein and G. E. McClearn (05 1994). “Variability and stability in cognitive abilities are largely genetic later in life” . Behavior Genetics. 24 (3): 207. DOI:10.1007/BF01067188 . Retrieved 2006-08-06. reference);Check the date in |month= (help in English)
5. Neisser et al. . Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (indefinite) . Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association (August 7, ). Date of treatment August 6, 2006. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012.
6. Bouchard TJ, Lykken DT, McGue M, Segal NL, Tellegen A (Oct 1990). . Science (journal). 250 (4978): 223-8. PMID. Uses deprecated |month= parameter (help)
7. World Intelligence Network. IQ and genetics
8. Gosso, M.F. (2006). “The SNAP-25 gene is associated with cognitive ability: evidence from a family-based study in two independent Dutch cohorts.” Molecular Psychiatry. 11 (9): 878–886. DOI:10.1038/sj.mp.4001868.
9. Gosso MF, de Geus EJ, van Belzen MJ, Polderman TJ, Heutink P, Boomsma DI, Posthuma D. Dutch cohorts
10. Pietropaolo, S.; Crusio, W. E. (2010). Genes and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. 2 (3): 345-352. DOI:10.1002/wcs.135.
11. Dear, I. J.; Johnson, W.; Houlihan, L. M. (2009). “Genetic foundations of human intelligence”. Human Genetics. 126 (1): 215-232. DOI:10.1007/s00439-009-0655-4 . PMID.
12. C. F. Chabris, B. M. Hebert, D. J. Benjamin, J. P. Beauchamp, D. Cesarini, M. J. H. M. van der Loos, M. Johannesson, P. K. E. Magnusson, P. Lichtenstein, C. S. Atwood, J. Freese, T. S. Hauser, R. M. Hauser, N. A. Christakis and D. I. Laibson . (2011). Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives. Psychological Science
13. Davies, G.; Tenesa, A.; Payton, A.; Yang, J.; Harris, S. E.; Liewald, D.; Ke, X.; Hellard, S. Le; Christoforou, A.; et al. (2011). “Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic” . Mol Psychiatry. 16 : 996-1005. DOI:10.1038/mp.2011.85. PMC. PMID.
14. B. Benyamin, B. Pourcain, O. S. Davis, G. Davies, N. K. Hansell, M. J. Brion, R. M. Kirkpatrick, R. A. Cents, S. Franic, M. B. Miller, C. M. Haworth, E. Meaburn, T. S. Price, D. M. Evans, N. Timpson , J. Kemp, S. Ring, W. McArdle, S. E. Medland, J. Yang, S. E. Harris, D. C. Liewald, P. Scheet, X. Xiao, J. J. Hudziak, E. J. de Geus, C. Wellcome Trust Case Control, V. W. Jaddoe , J. M. Starr, F. C. Verhulst, C. Pennell, H. Tiemeier, W. G. Iacono, L. J. Palmer, G. W. Montgomery, N. G. Martin, D. I. Boomsma, D. Posthuma, M. McGue, M. J. Wright, G. Davey Smith, I. J. Deary, R Plomin and P. M. Visscher. (2013). Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L. Mol Psychiatry

People, especially adults, are very fond of measuring everything. Measure and count.

First of all, let's find out what the word "IQ" means? I.Q. ( intelligencequotient) , or intelligence quotient is an attempt to calculate the intelligence of a person, to quantify it in comparison with other people.

The concept of IQ first appeared in 1912. It was introduced by the German Wilhelm Stern. Currently, a huge number of IQ tests have bred, which to some extent levels out the informative value of the obtained value. single standard IQ tests do not exist, however, they all have a common construction principle. As a rule, passing several tests gives a more accurate and objective result.

IQ tests were designed so that the results could be described by a normal distribution. In general, IQ describes the mental state of people in a fairly objective way. 50% of people have an IQ between 90 and 110, 25% are below 90, and another 25% are over 110. Let's take a closer look at what iq scores mean.

What do iq test results mean?

For example, if the IQ is less than 70, then the subject can be classified as mild dementia, an IQ greater than 145 indicates genius. The average IQ is 100. What does average iq mean? This means that at a value of 100, there is a peak in the normal distribution of test results.

Tests usually contain about 40 tasks of increasing complexity. To pass, you will need spatial and logical thinking, the ability to compare values, arithmetic, creativity, as in solving semester work.

What affects IQ?

Do you think that IQ is granted by nature once and for all? To some extent this is true, but there are a huge number of factors influencing it! This is heredity, and diet, ecology, methods of education.

The results of the test, we repeat, are ambiguous. One thing is known for sure - IQ does not determine fate. What does the aikyu test give? Just knowing your IQ. You can be a successful person with an IQ of less than 60 and a loser with an IQ of more than 130. Or such an example. The IQ of Arnold Schwarzenegger is 135, Sylvester Stallone is only 54. And who is cooler is still not clear.

Today we learned what a person's iq is. Know your iq, but don't jump to conclusions! And don't forget, a strict teacher and gaps in knowledge can create problems for any student, regardless of IQ level. In such cases, contact our authors, who always guard your reputation.

The modern world provides a person with great opportunities for self-realization, but in return puts forward high demands on him. We must be able to adequately assess the situation and make right choice. Scientists around the world have proven that a person's abilities are affected by his IQ level. Surely you have come across this concept more than once, and most likely even passed one or another IQ test. But let's figure out what the IQ gives us, and why we need it at all.

IQ test

So, the intelligence quotient or IQ level is a quantitative assessment of the level of a person’s intellectual abilities compared to IQ normal person the same age as the subject. This indicator is determined using various tests, the most famous of which are the tests of Eysenck, Wexler, Raven, Amthauer and Cattell. The very concept of "intelligence quotient" was introduced by the German Wilhelm Stern in 1912. IN Lately interest in determining this indicator has increased many times, often employers ask applicants for a job to take an IQ test, and applicants pass it when entering a university.

In principle, IQ test questions are structured in such a way that their complexity increases, so that the test subject has to use his logical and spatial thinking. As a result of passing the test, you get a quantitative assessment of your IQ. The average IQ level of an adult according to the Eysenck test is from 91 to 110 points, 25% of the world's population has such indicators. If your IQ is between 111 and 130, you can safely consider yourself smart person. And if your score is above 131, then you are the lucky one, who is in the 3% of the world's population. People with high IQs become outstanding scientists, inventors, and researchers. There are geniuses with an IQ above 140, such as Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking, these people make up about 0.2% of humanity.

The level of intelligence is influenced by a large number of various factors, such as, for example, heredity, genes, gender and race of a person. According to recent research, average level The IQ of an African American is 85, Hispanic 89, White European 103, Asian (China, Japan, Korea) 106, and Jewish 113. It has also been found that most men have higher IQs than women. It affects the level of intelligence and the environment in which a person grew up, as well as the education of his parents and even the country of residence.

How to know your IQ

After all of the above, most likely, you will ask yourself the question: "How to find out your IQ." Today it is very easy to do, it is enough to find one of the many tests for the level of intelligence on the Internet. However, be careful, because not all of them are licensed and may contain errors in tasks and answers. Your IQ calculated in this way may not be correct. The time-tested Eysenck test can be taken at iqtest.com at English language. There is no exact answer to the question: “What should IQ be” today, so if something does not suit you, just work on increasing your level of intelligence. How? We will gladly tell you about it.

How to increase IQ

Your IQ level is a quantitative measure of mental development, determined by tests that measure a person's ability to solve problems, perceive various mental images, as well as memory and general knowledge. We present you several ways to increase your IQ.

Method number 1 - get into the habit of playing Mind games(for example, Scrabble, Sudoku, Chess, and so on). These games are great brain trainers. When you learn how to play one game well, move on - master the next, because when you master the skill, your brain stops working as hard to solve the problem, the production of the hormone dopamine, which is responsible for intelligence, decreases. In addition to intellectual board games, try your hand at logic and strategy video games. Pay Special attention on games aimed at quick decision making. It is also useful to solve logic puzzles, puzzles, crosswords and sudoku. All of these activities stimulate thought processes, increasing IQ levels.

Method number 2 - constantly learn something new, whether it be foreign language, art, architecture or, for example, cryptology.

Method number 3 - lead an active lifestyle, constantly exposing yourself to physical activity, because this is a scientifically proven way to increase the level of intelligence. Expand your horizons, set yourself a goal for life - do not stop learning, constantly learn something new. Give yourself an occasional shake, skydive, or try bungee jumping. A new experience releases the hormone dopamine, which increases the number of neurons and causes a feeling of satisfaction. And in general, the more you know and know how, the richer your life experience, the higher the level of your intellectual development!

And here are some more simple tips that will help you enjoy life and increase your level of intellectual development.

• Try to enjoy everything you do, enjoy classical music, good books and hanging out with people you like.
• Use electronic devices less. If you need to write something down, use a notepad and pen, and instead of an email, it's better to send a handwritten letter. This stimulates visual and kinetic perception.
• Learn to write with your non-dominant hand, which stimulates the opposite hemisphere of your brain.
• Try to eat right and balanced, include in your diet fresh vegetables, fruits and fish, rich in omega 3, which has a positive effect on brain function.
• Get enough sleep, because only during sleep the information received passes from short-term memory to long-term memory.
• Work on yourself and keep learning all your life.

Everyone is familiar with the term IQ» and the abbreviation IQ. Also, many people know that the IQ is estimated using special tests.

The founder of the development of special test programs, currently known as the "IQ Test", was the French psychologist Alfred Binet. The test quickly gained popularity in different countries. It began to be used to determine the level of IQ not only in children, but also in military personnel. More than 2 million people have been tested. Later, the level of aikyu began to be determined by students and employees of private companies.

The IQ level allows you to determine the speed of thought processes, and not the ability of a person to think. In this regard, the use of tests today has lost its relevance.

To solve problems, a well-developed ability to concentrate attention, the ability to highlight the main thing, developed memory, large vocabulary and fluency spoken language, logical thinking, the ability to manipulate objects, the ability to perform mathematical operations and perseverance. As you can see, these are more psychological characteristics of the personality than mental abilities.

What is an IQ test used for?

Currently, the test is the only way to determine the level of a person's intelligence.

There are two ways to define intelligence. The first is intended for children 10-12 years old, with the help of the second, the development of children from 12 years old and adults is assessed. They differ in the level of complexity, but the principle of use is the same.

Each test includes various tasks. To earn 100-120 points, which make up the average IQ, you do not need to strive to complete all the tasks. Half of the proposed tasks are sufficient. You have 30 minutes to complete the task. The most reliable result for a person is 100-130 points.

Aikyu level of a normal person - what is considered good

The level of intelligence in the range of 100-120 points, which is half of the correctly completed tasks, is considered the norm. The person who completes all tasks receives 200 points.

Also, this test helps to determine a number of psychological characteristics: attention, thinking, memory. By identifying shortcomings in abilities, one can help in their development and increase the aikyu index.

What determines the level of IQ

Psychologists are trying to establish the dependence of the level of intelligence on heredity, physiological data, gender or race. Several lines of research are being developed.

In the 19th century, scientists conducted a series of experiments to establish the dependence of the level of intelligence on physiological data and gender. They showed no connection. Other scientists have repeatedly stated that intelligence directly depends on the race of a person. These studies also found no relationship.

A number of researchers associate mental abilities with musical tastes. Music affects the emotional sphere. British scientists have found that the IQ is higher in people who prefer classical music, hard rock and metal. The minimum level of IQ, in their opinion, is among hip-hop and R'N'B fans.

What needs to be done to increase the aikyu coefficient

Increasing your IQ quotient requires constant training and brain development. One of effective ways considered logical tasks and intellectual games, chess, crosswords and poker. They help improve memory and increase concentration. Exact sciences develop analytical thinking. Reading influences mental development fiction and learning foreign languages.

How much IQ does a normal person have

The average level of intellectual development is 100-120 points. However, scientists have long proposed to determine the level of IQ, taking into account chronological age. The test does not show the degree of erudition of the individual, but evaluates general indicators. Tests are designed to distribute results with an average score. The test indicates the direction in which a person should develop. An IQ level of 90-120 is considered good. However, it should be remembered that the results of the initial testing will be the most correct, further the data will be distorted.

Human intelligence is very difficult to define, it is almost impossible to measure. The accumulation of knowledge, abilities and skills occurs throughout a person's life.

The basis of intelligence is made up of several determining factors, genetics, environment, environment are important. Scientists have established a direct dependence of mental development on genes. The percentage of influence can range from 40 to 80 percent.

The development of the brain affects the level of intelligence and the aikyu index. The more developed a person's frontal lobes, which are responsible for thought processes, the higher the level of IQ.

Scientists pay special attention to the development of children in the first years of life and upbringing. The level of mental development was associated with the birth order of children in the family. For a long time, it was believed that firstborns had more high level aikyu. Compared to younger children. Recent studies have shown that the birth order of children determines the developmental potential, the ability to reason and think, and as a result determine the level of development of the intellect. On average, first-born babies are age-appropriate on tests, but score a few points more than younger siblings.

The development of mental abilities is influenced by the state of health. It's normal for a man to follow good habits and lead a healthy lifestyle. This allows you to keep your brain active. Scientists have proven that among people with a high level of intelligence, there are fewer patients with chronic diseases, their life expectancy is higher.

Aikyu scale level table by points

If the IQ test results are:

• 1-24 - profound mental retardation;
• 25-39 - severe mental retardation;
• 40-54 - moderate mental retardation;
• 55-69 - mild mental retardation;
• 70-84 - borderline mental retardation;
• 85-114 - medium;
• 115-129 - above average;
• 130-144 - moderately gifted;
• 145-159 - gifted;
• 160-179 - exceptionally gifted;
• 180 and above - deeply gifted.

Criticism of IQ tests

Determining the level of intelligence according to the proposed tests cannot be taken as a basis, since average indicators are taken as units of measurement, which change over time, which means they are not a standard.
Human intelligence depends on many factors, ranging from the time of day to the state of health.

Gender cannot be taken as a basis: among men and women there are people with both high and low IQ levels.

Your friends sometimes say about someone they know: “Yes, he has an IQ below the baseboard!” - but they themselves have no idea what this notorious IQ is. You will find out about it here and now!

Appearance to the people

The favorite abbreviation of smart people - IQ - was formed from the English phrase intelligence quotient. In Russian, IQ is an intelligence quotient, but our “KI” somehow doesn’t sound very convincing :) The very concept of IQ is relatively young - different sources argue about his birthday, but most point to 1912. IQ appeared thanks to the scientist William Stern. This megamind ruled that all previously existing formulas by which intelligence was measured were ineffective. Stern proposed his own equation: we take the mental age, divide it by the age according to the passport and multiply the result by 100 - IQ is ready! Further, many different adventures happened with IQ: scientists doubted its viability, kept changing the calculation system, offering to equalize everyone according to average indicators, tried to use it as an entrance test to universities and as a test when applying for a job.

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Classics of the genre

The most classic IQ tests were invented by the psychologist Hans Eysenck. In the main part of his last book, he offered a total of 8 test options. Of these, 5 are essentially the same: they mix graphic, verbal and digital questions in equal proportions. So Eysenck equalized techies and humanitarians. His tests don't offend anyone. Your 99 on the USE in Literature and your classmate's 93 on the USE in Physics can lead you to the same IQ. Agree, it's very nice.

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Now IQ is no longer taken with the same seriousness - it is simply used as a measure of the speed of thinking.

That's the logic!

For check logical thinking IQ tasks are used, which at first glance look like the ravings of a madman. They sound something like this: “Some tractors are jugs, and most jugs have orange noses; all those with orange noses quack; so some of those who quack are tractors” or “All ships are penguins and all penguins have lawnmowers growing on their feet; in addition, some penguins eat refrigerators; and all hair dryers eat refrigerators. But no one who has lawn mowers growing on their feet is a hair dryer.” It is only necessary to determine whether the final statements are true. Can you do it? :)

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Influencing factors

What determines your IQ level? First of all, from the parents. Because they pass on their genes to you - smart or not. And because they are engaged in your education - they teach you to think logically and look at any tasks from different angles. The environment that surrounds you also plays an important role in IQ issues: what you breathe and what you eat, and how it affects your intelligence. Sociologists, by the way, conducted an entertaining experiment on this subject - they removed foods with a lot of dyes and preservatives from the diet of a million American students and so in a short time increased their IQ by 5%! There is another important "technical" parameter: what more tests you pass, the higher your IQ score ends up. For 5 tests, it increases by an average of 10 points. But this, unfortunately, only says that you are adapting to the tasks, and not that you are getting smarter.

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controversial issues

Many spiteful critics criticize Eysenck for the inaccuracy of the tests. They argue that some questions have more than one correct answer. But Eysenck is not a fool - he has quite adequate counterarguments to all claims. Take, for example, the problem about a dwarf who lives on the 20th floor. Every morning, to get outside, he enters the elevator, presses the right button and goes down to the first floor. And in the evenings, when he returns home, he only reaches the 10th floor - the rest of the segment is on foot. Attention, the question is: why doesn't he immediately take the elevator to his 20th floor? This problem can have many answers. Offhand, at least 2 come to mind - because the dwarf athlete does evening exercises in this way or because his girlfriend lives on the 10th floor. In fact, these answers are incorrect, because they do not take into account all the indicated conditions. If you carefully read the assignment again, you will probably notice that we are talking not about anyhow, but about a dwarf. And he, baby, does not reach above the 10th button. This is the correct option. Everything ingenious is simple!

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IQ facts

• The IQ level says nothing about your creativity, life wisdom, moral stability and sense of humor. All these indicators are no less important than IQ, and are determined by other tests.
• IQ does not depend on how many brothers, dresses and boyfriends you have. The last two points, rather, on the contrary, themselves depend on your IQ.
• A bad mood can negatively affect your IQ results, so it's best not to take the test immediately after an argument with your parents or a showdown with a boy.
• Hellish nerds with IQ going off scale founded the Mensa community - mensa.org. Are you ready to join him? :)