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A study of the quality of admission to Russian universities « graduate School Economy” and the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia together with the International Information Agency “Russia Today” have been holding for five years, since 2011. The study is based on the analysis of information presented on the websites of higher educational institutions, which is compared with the data of the reports of universities in the Ministry of Education and Science. If necessary, data are verified with the admissions committees of universities.

The results of the study (often referred to as monitoring the quality of admission) are widely used primarily by applicants who make decisions about choosing a university and educational program, as well as by the universities themselves to analyze their position in the market higher education. The Ministry of Education and Science of Russia and the leadership of the Russian regions rely on the results of monitoring when evaluating the work of universities and developing educational policy.

By tradition, the first part of the study is the results of enrollment in budget places— Presented by the Minister of Education and Science of Russia and the Rector of the Higher School of Economics in early September. In October, the second part of the study is published, which includes an analysis of paid admissions (number of enrolled, GPA and cost of education), as well as its comparison with the quality and size of the budget set.

Monitoring includes only full-time education, as well as only those universities, admission to which is determined by the USE competition and Olympiads. Creative universities and universities of law enforcement agencies do not participate in the monitoring.

General Observations

• Medium USE scores enrolled in state-funded places, as a rule, are 5-6 points higher than the average USE scores enrolled in paid places - this ratio remains throughout the monitoring.
• In terms of the total number of applicants for the 1st year, the budget enrollment is approximately twice as high as the paid enrollment.

Rice. 1. Average USE scores enrolled in state-funded and paid places and total strength freshmen, 2011-2016

• Most applicants enter classical universities and technical universities.

Rice. 2. Distribution of first-year students by universities of different profiles, 2016

• In general, in Russia, the highest average USE scores of applicants are demonstrated by medical schools. There are more weak applicants in technical, pedagogical and agricultural universities.

Rice. 3. Average USE scores enrolled in state-funded and paid places, for universities of different profiles, 2011-2015

Table 1. Top 20 universities with the highest average USE scores among those enrolled in state-funded places, 2011-2015

Popular areas of training

The extent to which a particular profession is attractive in the eyes of applicants and their families can be indirectly assessed by comparing 1) the shares of winners and prize-winners of Olympiads among those enrolled in different areas of training (since this group of applicants is the most free in choosing a university) and 2) the shares enrolled in paid places (since this group of applicants chooses where to invest their own funds).

The absolute leader is the direction " International relationships”: the share of “olympiads” in it reaches 13% (and this is the largest share among all areas), and those enrolled in paid places make up three-quarters of the entire enrollment.

In general, in terms of the share of paid admission, social and humanitarian areas of training are noticeably ahead of technical ones.

Table 2. Groups of study areas with the largest (more than 70%) and smallest (less than 5%) paid enrollment

The same areas of training are chosen for themselves by preferential categories of applicants: their share is largest (from 7 to 8.5%) in the areas of "State and municipal government”, “Economics”, “Jurisprudence”, “Advertising and Public Relations”, “International Relations”, “Management”.

Table 3 Directions of training, among those enrolled in which the share of applicants with special rights exceeds 7%, 2015

In terms of the proportion of Olympiads, the composition of the leading areas is less homogeneous: along with the humanities, physics, mathematics, and chemistry occupy prominent positions.

Table 4. Directions of training, among enrolled in which the share of winners and prize-winners of Olympiads exceeds 4%, 2015

The needs of enterprises and organizations, regional and municipal authorities, expressed in the profile of the target set, are focused on the basic professions for society: doctors, teachers, lawyers and techies-specialists in the field of transport.

Table 5 Areas of training, among those enrolled in which the share of "targeted students" exceeds 15%, 2015

Strengths and weaknesses of training

Table 9 TOP-20 universities in terms of the quality of paid admission (2011-2015)

Structure of training and paid admission

Five groups of directions can be distinguished according to the ratio of paid and budgetary admission of students.

First group, the most numerous (28 destinations out of 66) - paid admission is negligible, less than 10% of the budget. Including this group includes six out of ten areas with the largest budget receipts: "agriculture", "transport", "energy", "mathematics", "electronics" and "ecology". The fact that there are practically no paid students in these areas reflects, first of all, the traditional “overproduction” of personnel in state-funded places.

Second group- there is a paid reception, but it is small: from 10 to 35% of the budget. There are 11 such directions out of 66, the largest ones are “pedagogy” and “construction”. As a rule, applicants in these areas consider their future employment prospects as good, but do not count on a quick career.

Third group- paid admission from 36 to 80% of the budget, approximately corresponds to the share of paid admission in the higher education system as a whole. This, one might say, is the optimal combination: paid students bring a significant additional income to the university, while the university does not depend on them very much and, accordingly, can pursue a fairly principled quality control policy. This group includes 13 directions, the largest one is “health care”, where 17 thousand paid students accounted for 25 thousand budget first-year students. Applicants enrolled in educational programs in these areas have pronounced career expectations and are set for fairly high incomes in the future.

Fourth group- paid reception is from 81 to 150% of the budget. Paid enrollment for universities in this group is almost as important as budget enrollment, but the latter still remains a “support link” in the economy of the university and the formation of its personnel policy (the vast majority of teachers are on budgetary rates and only receive additional payments through paid enrollment). There are only five such areas: “design”, “business informatics” and “service sector”, as well as those with a small set of “publishing” and “art theory”.

Finally, fifth group includes nine destinations, paid admission to which is more than two times (and often three or four) higher than the budget. Here, as a rule, there is a completely different economy: some of the teachers are framed at “extrabudgetary” rates, and paying students determine the quality of the audience. The university is forced to focus on paying students in its quality policy. Among the largest areas of this group are "economics", "jurisprudence", "management", "linguistics and foreign languages", "state and municipal administration", "advertising" and "international relations".

Table 10 Groups of destinations with the highest budget intake

Table 11 Groups of destinations with the highest paid reception

It can be seen that the list of the largest budgetary areas and the list of the largest paid areas intersect only in two cases: in “health care” and “pedagogy”. This is the result of the fact that over the past few years the Ministry of Education and Science has reduced budget admissions by 1.5-2 times for the three most popular paid groups - "economics", "jurisprudence" and "management". The reduction reflects, among other things, the policy of ousting the frankly weak educational programs implemented by non-core universities that do not have sufficient human resources. This policy began with the “cutting off” of state-funded admissions, but it also affects paid ones: a number of universities in Lately minimizes the corresponding programs.

Traditionally, paid admission is carried out primarily for socio-economic and humanitarian areas, as well as medical ones. If in the structure of budget reception they occupy 27%, then in the structure of paid admission they make up about 87%. The natural sciences (directions of classical universities) occupy about 14% in the budget admission, while in the paid enrollment their share slightly exceeds 2%. To share technical sciences and technologies account for over 40% of the budget set and only 10% of the paid one. Such a structure is generally reproduced throughout the entire observation period (2011-2015) with variations within 3-5%. See table. 10.

Table 12 Structure of budgetary and paid admission by branches of knowledge, 2011-2015

Comparison of the quality of budget and paid reception - 2015

Traditionally paid education is chosen by weaker students, and here the threshold is set - or not set - by the universities themselves.

In 2015, 150 universities out of 412 included in the rating (36%) were recruited for paid education for more than half of the “C” students (average USE score below 56). This is a significant improvement in the situation - last year there were 198, almost half (48%).

Table 13 Distribution of universities by the quality of state-funded and paid admissions

The bulk of students who pay for their full-time education on their own are no longer “triple students”. These are the "good guys". What is the cause of such a shift? We can make two assumptions. First, the students of 2015, on the whole, passed the USE somewhat better. Second, polarization has taken place both between universities and within groups of areas. In popular universities, students are ready to enter the paid form, while the outsiders are left with the weakest applicants, including the state-funded form.

The charts below compare the quality of the budget set with the quality of the paid set. The Y-axis shows the average score of the paid set, and the X-axis shows the average score of the budget set. The color of the "peas" reflects the quality of the paid enrollment: green - the average score is above 70, white - the average score is below 70 and above 56, red - the average score is below 56. paid places most often recruit applicants who are "good students" (average score 56-70). In technical universities, where there are more “good students” in the group as a whole, up to half of the paid enrollment is “triple students” (the average score is below 56), however, it is clear that “triple students” are, as a rule, universities with a small enrollment.

Applicants and their families began to better distinguish the quality of educational programs, their contribution (as well as the contribution of the university brand) to the human capital of students. In 2015, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for the first time published data on the average earnings and professional employment of university graduates. If earlier the information that graduates of top universities earn on average 1.5 times more than graduates of other universities in the same field was discussed at the level of individual cases, opinions and rumors (forming, nevertheless, public opinion), now this trend can be considered proven.

There is a change in the structure of the state assignment - the expansion of engineering areas, a further reduction in socio-economic (due to economics and business informatics). It is assumed that the population shows sufficient solvent demand for programs of socio-economic and humanitarian areas, which makes it possible to do without increasing budget support.

Many universities that did not receive state assignments for the implementation of popular educational programs (economics, management, etc.) continued to accept applicants for them completely on an extrabudgetary basis. This required personnel and information support for programs, which in such a situation was significantly weakened by universities. The result is obvious: the paid enrollment in these universities is reduced, in other cases dropping to a level that is critical for the further continuation of such programs.

In the risk zone here are universities that enroll less than 30 students for paid programs that are not supported by a budget set in the relevant direction. After all, firstly, a paid student, as a rule, is less prepared than one who has entered a state-funded place, and therefore runs a greater risk of being among the underachievers. Secondly, such a student may stop studying not only due to poor progress, but also for financial reasons. Already in the third year, less than half of the initially recruited paying students may remain, and the funds coming from them will not be enough even to pay for the necessary teachers.

2015 may become a milestone year for approximately 60% of the current purely extrabudgetary programs in the areas of "economics", "management", "jurisprudence" and other socio-economic and humanitarian areas: in 2016, these programs may stop new recruitment (in 2015, they recruited less than 30 people).

Reception quality dynamics, 2011-2015

The highest quality of the budget set is consistently maintained in medical and socio-economic universities, and in the latter for the period from 2011 to 2015 the "green zone" (average score above 70) has noticeably expanded. Agrarian universities remain mostly in the "red zone" (the average USE score for a university is below 56). Among classical universities and technical universities the proportions of universities with "excellent", "good" and "three" students are approximately the same and remain unchanged. The quality of budgetary enrollment in pedagogical universities has noticeably improved.
In the paid set as a whole, the same proportions are maintained, although with a certain shift towards lower scores.

Pricing Strategies of Universities in an Economic Downturn

Among universities offering paid programs in 2015, 47% increased prices compared to 2014, 36% kept them unchanged in nominal terms, 17% found it necessary to reduce prices (we considered changes of more than 5 thousand rubles in year). At the same time, 14 universities increased the average cost of education for the university by 50-100 thousand rubles a year; 39 universities - for 20-50 thousand rubles a year; 124 universities - for 5-20 thousand rubles a year; 137 universities did not change the cost in any way or changed it slightly (within 5 thousand rubles), 58 universities reduced the cost of education by 5-20 thousand rubles, and 8 universities - by 20-50 thousand rubles.

At the same time, the models of behavior - the distribution of universities into groups of raising and lowering prices - differ in directions. training: in relation to socio-economic and humanitarian programs, on the one hand, and technical programs, on the other, universities more often follow different strategies. Among the technical areas, the share of programs that reduced the cost of education in 2015 is noticeably higher. Among the socio-economic programs, the share of those that increased the cost of education relatively slightly (5-20 thousand rubles) prevails.

Thus, in the direction of "economics" in 2015, 305 universities conducted a paid enrollment, of which 30 universities increased the cost by more than 20 thousand rubles a year, 95 universities - by 5-20 thousand rubles and 18 universities reduced the cost by 5- 60 thousand rubles. In the direction of "jurisprudence" paid enrollment in 2015 was conducted by 181 universities, of which 26 universities increased the cost by more than 20 thousand rubles a year, 63 universities - by 5-20 thousand rubles and 6 universities reduced the cost by 5-60 thousand .rubles At the same time, more than a third of universities lowered their prices by more than 5,000 rubles in the direction of "informatics and computer engineering", and almost half of such universities in the direction of "energy and power engineering".

Table 14 Change in the cost of education in the areas of training, 2014-2015


What are the differences in the pricing policy of metropolitan and regional universities? The spread of prices amongexpensive educational programs significantlyhigher than among moderately priced programs. At the same time, the proportions of expensive and inexpensive programs in different areas of training are approximately the same. There are three strategies for the pricing policy of universities: a single cost for all educational programs (demand is determined by the quality of the program and the reputation of the university); price differentiation of programs; segmentation of programs into popular and unpopular.

Strong universities, as expected, set high minimum scores. In the "ten" strongest universities in terms of the quality of budget admission, the average minimum score is 61.3 points (per subject for all universities) - against 34.2 according to the Rosobrnadzor thresholds. The highest scores among the leading universities were set by the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, MEPhI, NRU HSE, St. Petersburg Academic University - the scientific and educational center of nanotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The lowest are MGIMO and Moscow State University. Lomonosov (by the way, this did not affect the high quality of admission to these universities). But among the 74 universities from the "red" zone (the average USE score enrolled in state-funded places in them is below 56), none of them set a minimum threshold higher than the level proposed by Rosobrnadzor.

Only 15% of universities use minimum scores as a real tool for selecting applicants.

Universities with the highest passing scores in 2015:

• Baltic Federal University im. I. Kant
• All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade, Moscow
• State. Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow
• State. University of Management, Moscow
• Kuban state. un-t, Krasnodar
• Leningrad state. un-t im. A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg
• Moscow state. humanitarian un-t them. M.A. Sholokhov
• Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, Higher School of Economics
• Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
• National research Tomsk Polytechnic University
• National research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow
• National research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow
• Novosibirsk National research state university
• Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
• Russian Economic University im. G.V. Plekhanov
• Samara State university
• St. Petersburg State. university
• St. Petersburg Nat. research University of Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics
• Smolensk State university
• Tver state. university
• Ural Federal University im. B.N. Yeltsin
• Southern Federal University

Areas of study for which universities often set high passing scores.

Passing points to universities 2015 on the budget change every year and depend on the current popularity of the university. If a huge number of applicants come in with a hundred-point results, then the passing scores will skyrocket. sets only minimum scores for admission of applicants, relying on the results of the Unified State Examination and data on its popularity.

The minimum USE scores established by Rosobrnadzor

This year Rosobrnadzor has set the following minimum scores for the USE: Social science - 39, Russian language - 36, Computer science - 40, Biology - 36, Geography - 37, Chemistry - 36, Physics - 36, Literature - 32, History - 32, Mathematics - 24, Foreign language - 20. These points must be scored on the exam to get credit. Based on this, it is possible to distinguish between subjects that the government considers acquired and those whose ignorance is forgiven for students. Thus, the most important subject is computer science and social science, followed by a number of technical, natural sciences from biology, geography, physics and chemistry. Knowledge of literature, history is not particularly needed, and mathematics and a foreign language are generally superfluous. It’s just not clear how a student should score one and a half times more points in physics than in mathematics. And why the Russian language is valued more than history, including Russian history. Many rejoice that the requirements for foreign language low, but the joy will pass when school graduates start looking for a job and see in the requirements for applicants the knowledge of the English language. How to get at least such points? Train! Pass with results and correct answers to educational portal"Study here"

Required scores for admission to universities

For admission to most universities in any specialty 270 points in total in three subjects are enough. This means that you need to pass the exam for 90 points. To have big list strong institutes and universities will be enough for 230 points, and get 75 points on the Unified State Examination. MEPhI has the highest requirements for points in the specialty Information and analytical security systems. For admission to this specialty, 284 points in total in the Russian language, mathematics and physics are required. For admission to the Financial University for the specialty economics, you will need 283 points in mathematics, Russian language and social science