Guide to functional diagnostics. Book: “A guide to functional diagnostics in cardiology. Modern methods and clinical interpretation. See also other dictionaries
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION. METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION. METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE
STANDARD
IEC 60079-29-3-2013
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES
Part 29-3 Gas analyzers. Functional Safety Guide for Stationary Gas Analytical Systems
Functional Safety Guide for Stationary Gas Analytical Systems
(prIEC 60079-29-3, UT)
Official edition
Standartinform
Foreword
The goals, basic principles and procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic Provisions” and GOST 1.2-2009 “Interstate Standardization System. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for the development, adoption, application. updates and cancellations
About the standard
1 PREPARED BY Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Smolensk Production Association "Analitpribor" (FGUP "SPO "Analitlribor") on the basis of its own authentic translation into Russian of the draft international standard specified in paragraph 5
2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstan-
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes of September 27, 2013 No. 59-P)
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Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 |
Country code according to MK (ISO 31G6) 004-97 |
Abbreviated name of the national standards body |
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Belarus |
State Standard of the Republic of Belarus |
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Kyrgyzstan |
Kyrtyzstandart |
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Kazakhstan |
State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
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Moldoea-Standard |
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Rosstandart |
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Tajikistan |
Tajikstandart |
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Ministry of Economic Development of Ukraine |
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Uzbekistan |
Uzstandard |
4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated November 22, 2013 No. 1734-st, the interstate standard GOST IEC 60079-29-3-2013 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation on February 15, 2015.
5 This standard is identical to the draft of the first edition of the international standard IEC 60079-29-3 Explosive atmospheres - Part 29-3: Gas detectors - Guidance on functional safety of fixed gas detection systems stationary gas analytical systems).
Translation from in English(ate).
The degree of conformity is identical (YUT).
6 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
© Standardinform. 2015
In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
GOST I EU 60079-29-3-2013
1 area of use............................................... ....1
3 Terms and definitions .......................................................... ..3
4 Requirements .................................................. .........4
4.1 General .................................................................... ...4
4.2 Inquiry intensity...............................................................5
5 Characteristic features of gas analysis...............................................5
5.1 Objectives.............................................. ..........5
5.2 Features ................................................................ .....5
5.2.1 General ............................................................... .5
5.2.2 Positioning the sensor...............................................5
5.2.3 Sensor filter elements (passive) .............................................5
5.2.4 Sensor filter elements (active) ..............................................5
5.2.5 Measuring principles...............................................6
5.2.6 Poisoning or adverse chemical reaction ..............................................6
5.2.7 Resource of sensors ((million "1, h) or (% h))................................. ..6
5.2.8 Negative gas readings ..............................................................6
5.2.9 Hazard and risk assessment ..........................................................6
5.2.10 Effectiveness of preventive and mitigation actions
Hazardous Event...............................................7
5.2.11 Sensitivity to undetectable components .............................................. 7
5.2.12 Special Modes...............................................................7
5.2.13 Standards that establish requirements for metrological characteristics ..... 7
5.2.14 Handling fault signals...............................................7
5.2.15 Indication of exceeding the upper limit of the measuring range ............... 7
5.2.16 Calibration according to the test component .............................................. 7
5.2.17 Maximum and minimum alarm thresholds ..........8
6 Functional safety management....................................................8
6.1 Objectives.............................................. ..........8
6.2 Requirements.............................................. ......8
6.3 Competence............................................................... ...9
7 General requirements.............................................. ....10
7.1 Objectives.............................................. .........10
7.2 Requirements.............................................. .....10
7.2.1 Introduction.................................................... .....10
7.2.2 Safety and non-safety functions.......................................10
7.2.3 Safety functions with different levels of safety integrity ....................... 10
7.2.4 Actions in the event of a dangerous failure....................................................10
7.2.5 Actions in the event of a safe failure...............................................11
7.2.6 Actions when a special mode occurs....................................................11
7.2.7 Power supply............................................... ^
7.2.8 Gas analyzer.................................................... *2
7.2.9 Gas analyzer control unit (logical controller) .................................12
7.2.10 Termination element (actuator) .........................................12
7.2.11 Information display devices...............................................12
7.2.12 Switching output devices...............................................13
7.2.13 Output device protocols....................................................13
7.2.14 Input device protocols...............................................13
7.2.15 System architecture, Safe Failure Value (SFF) and Mean Probability of Failure
Execute Function on Demand (PFD) ...............................................14
8 Special requirements for gas analysis systems .................................................14
8.1 Objectives.............................................. ...........
8.2 Requirements.............................................. .......
8.2.1 Introduction............................................... .......
8.2.2 Gas sampling ............................................................... .
8.2.3 Gas distributor...............................................
8.2.4 Gas distributor control unit..............................................
8.2.5 Sample preparation devices...............................................
8.2.6 Diffusion sampling ..........................................................
8.2.7 Automatic calibration ..........................................................
8.2.8 Control unit for automatic calibration ...............................................
9 Universal Logic Controllers...............................................
9.1 Objectives.............................................. .........19
9.2 Requirements.............................................. .......
9.2.1 Metrological characteristics...............................................
9.2.2 Logic programming ..........................................................
10 Acceptance test at the manufacturer ..........................................................
10.1 Objectives.............................................. ..........
10.2 Requirements.............................................. .....
10.2.1 Planning............................................................... .
10.2.2 Execution............................................................... 20
11 Installation and commissioning...............................................20
11.1 Objectives.............................................. ........20
11.2 Requirements.............................................. ....20
11.2.1 Planning...............................................20
11.2.2 Execution.................................................... .20
12 Confirmation of conformity...............................................21
12.1 Objectives.............................................. ........21
12.2 Requirements.............................................. ...21
12.2.1 Planning....................................................21
12.2.2 Execution.................................................... 21
13 Operation and maintenance....................................................22
13.1 Objectives.............................................. ........22
13.2 Requirements.............................................. ...22
13.2.1 Planning...............................................22
13.2.2 Execution.................................................... 22
14 Modification of the system............................................... .23
14.1 Objectives.............................................. ........23
14.2 Requirements.............................................. ....23
14.2.1 Planning..............................................23
14.2.2 Execution............................................................... .23
15 Taking the system out of service...............................................23
15.1 Objectives.............................................. ........23
15.2 Requirements.............................................. ...24
15.2.1 Planning...............................................24
15.2.2 Execution.................................................... .24
16 Documentation.............................................. .....24
16.1 Objectives.............................................. ........24
16.2 Requirements.............................................. ...24
Appendix A (informative) Typical applications ..........................................26
A.1 Typical applications for gas analyzers with diffusion sampling .......... 26
A.1.1 Application 1............................................... ....26
A.1.2 Application 2............................................... ....27
A.1.3 Application 3............................................... ....27
A.1.4 Application 4............................................... ....27
A.2 Typical applications for gas analyzers with forced sampling .................................... 28
A.2.1 Single-channel sampling ..........................................................28
A.2.2 Multichannel sampling ..........................................................28
Annex B (informative) Compliance with sections of the functional safety standards. 29 Annex C (informative) Transformation of the general functional safety requirements for
their application to stationary gas analytical systems...............30
C.1 Transformation of requirements...............................................30
C.1.1 General .......................................................30
C.1.2 Safety Integrity Level SIL1.......................................30
C.1.3 SIL2 Safety Integrity Level....................................30
C.1.4 SIL3 Safety Integrity Level.......................................31
Annex YES (informative) Information on the compliance of interstate standards with reference
international (regional) standards...............................32
Bibliography................................................. .......34
Introduction
Stationary gas analysis systems have been used for many years to perform safety functions. Like any measuring system, a stationary gas analytical system, as a rule, includes single- or multi-channel gas analyzers (input devices), a control unit, and single- or multi-channel terminal (output) devices. The stationary gas analytical system may additionally include peripheral equipment, such as sampling devices or sample preparation devices. If a fixed gas detection system, including associated peripheral equipment, is effectively used to perform safety functions, it is important that the entire system meets certain minimum requirements and performance targets.
It is important to understand that the number of measurement points and their proper location, their redundancy, regular maintenance (especially span testing or calibration) and other gas analysis features (such as the design of sampling devices) have a much greater impact on the safety integrity of the system as a whole, than the safety integrity level (SIL) of any function block. This provision, however, does not preclude safety integrity requirements for the safety function of each functional unit.
This International Standard deals with the minimum requirements and performance of fixed gas detection systems, which are electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems (E/E/PES) intended to be used both for risk mitigation and as an additional protection system.
This International Standard does not apply to portable gas analyzers or fixed gas detection systems for which no risk reduction objective has been established, but it may be useful as it is based on practical experience with such instruments and systems.
The concept of "gas analytical system" within the framework of this standard is fundamental and applies both to autonomous stationary gas analyzers equipped with built-in signaling and switching circuits for external actuators, and to complex functionally complete stationary gas analytical systems (see Appendix A).
This International Standard takes into account the potential supply chain complexity that a gas analytical equipment manufacturer, vendor or system integrator may encounter, including but not limited to the following examples:
The use of functionally complete gas analyzers that are integrated into the overall security system by the manufacturer of gas analysis equipment, the seller or the system integrator:
Development and application of stationary gas analysis subsystems, including the necessary peripheral equipment, which is integrated into the overall security system by the manufacturer of gas analysis equipment. vendor or system integrator:
Development and application of a stationary gas analytical system, including peripheral equipment, which itself is a functionally complete security system.
NOTE The requirements of IEC 61508 (parts 1-3) apply to the design of air analyzers, controllers and output devices (terminals). Guidance for the design of peripheral equipment is given in this standard.
Before using this International Standard, it is important to understand and classify the purpose of a fixed gas detection system. There are three main purposes of application:
As a hazardous event prevention system - as a functionally complete system or a separate subsystem with a well-defined safety function and safety integrity:
As a system designed to mitigate the consequences of a hazardous event. - as a functionally complete or separate system with a well-defined safety function and safety integrity:
As an additional protection system, it covers those stationary gas analytical systems or separate subsystems that operate in parallel (performing secondary functions) with the main safety system. In this case, a request for a fixed gas analytical system or a separate subsystem is issued only when a failure occurs in the main safety system or at another level of protection.
Note - An additional gas analytical protection system should under no circumstances be taken into account in the hardware fault tolerance (HFT) declaration. common system security.
A stationary gas analytical system can be operated several times a year. depending on the particular application, therefore, in this standard, it is assumed that the frequency of access to the system corresponds to the mode of operation with a low demand rate. The security requirements specification may state, for example, "1 to 10 requests per year".
Consideration of complex stationary gas analytical systems, which are subject to special requirements, can facilitate the division of the system into functional blocks. Functional blocks can be of varying complexity; a functional block can be either a simple gas analyzer or a set of interconnected devices that form peripheral equipment. Each functional unit should be evaluated independently against this standard and/or the IEC 61508 series of standards at an early stage in the design process to ensure that safety performance is built into the design from the outset.
NOTE The main elements of a subsystem (system), such as a gas analyzer, logic controller, etc., should be designed taking into account the provisions of IEC 61508 (parts 1-3).
The next stage is the compilation of such functional blocks in accordance with this standard of a functionally complete stationary gas analytical system. It is not necessary to re-evaluate when using function blocks in different configurations, it is sufficient to evaluate only a specific combination of them.
This International Standard has been developed on the basis of the safety systems life cycle model detailed in IEC 61508. This International Standard provides additional and supporting information related to the individual stages of the safety systems life cycle, as well as those functional safety management requirements that all persons must comply with. or companies involved in the supply chain of a fixed gas analytical system.
NOTE Functional safety management applies to all stages of the life cycle of safety systems, whether it is supplied as an item, subsystem, supply service or system maintenance service.
This standard does not take into account the location of gas sensors and the delivery of the analyzed gas (vapor-gas) mixture to the measurement point when considering safety integrity levels (these two topics are covered in IEC 60079-29-2).
The table shows the correspondence between the clauses of this International Standard and typical tasks.
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Table 1 - Typical types of work and related sections |
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The degree of significance of the chapters for review is indicated: "O" - the main section. R is recommended. “P * - useful. "-" - not applicable. |
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Notes
1 C/1 should be guided by Annex B with regard to the life cycle of pelvic analysis equipment.
NOTE 2 The end user, service organization and certification body should be familiar with all parts of IEC 61508.
INTERSTATE STANDARD
EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES Part 29-3
Gas analyzers. Functional Safety Guide for Stationary Gas Analytical Systems
Explosive atmospheres. Part 29-3. gas detectors. Guidance on functional safety of fixed gas detection systems
Introduction date - 2015-02-15
1 area of use
This standard provides guidance for the development and commissioning of fixed gas detection systems (including associated gas detection and peripheral equipment) for the determination of combustible gases (vapours) and oxygen in safety related applications in accordance with IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. This standard also applicable to gas analysis systems. designed to determine toxic gases.
NOTE In this International Standard, the indication “should” applies to those requirements that are absolutely necessary to achieve the desired result.
In other parts of this standard and applicable regional, national and international standards, separate technical requirements for gas analyzers and their control units (logical controllers) are established. These standards, known as metrology standards, specify requirements for the accuracy of measurement results, technical specifications gas analysis systems, with the exception of the requirements for safety integrity in relation to the safety function performed by the instrument or system. Safety integrity is dealt with in this standard.
Note - The legislation may establish a requirement for certification bodies to confirm the conformity of the characteristics of 1azoanalytical equipment for the determination of combustible gases. vapors, toxic gases and/or oxygen used in applications affecting the life cycle of safety systems.
This International Standard deals with the safety of fixed gas detection systems (including associated gas detection and/or peripheral equipment) based on the framework and basic principles defined in IEC 61508 and introduces specific requirements related to fixed gas detection systems.
This standard does not address the safety integrity level SIL4. Gas analysis systems should not be used to reduce high risk.
NOTE As a result of a risk analysis for a fixed gas detection system, it is very rare that a safety integrity level higher than SIL 2 can be selected.
This International Standard applies to fixed gas analytical systems, which may consist of the following hardware functional blocks:
Gas sensor (transmitter):
Control unit (logical controller):
Sampling device (single-channel or channel switching):
Sample preparation device;
Automatic calibration device for gas mixtures:
Output module (if not part of the control unit).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this International Standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 61508-1 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems - Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61508-2 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems - Part 2: Requirements for electncal/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems
IEC 61508-3 Functional safety of electrical/electromc/programmable electronic safety-related
systems - Part 3: Software requirements
IEC 61508-4 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems - Part 4: Definitions and abbreviations (Functional safety of electrical
Other books on similar topics:
| Author | Book | Description | Year | Price | book type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ed. Vasyuka Yu.A. | Guide to functional diagnostics in cardiology. Modern methods and clinical interpretation. Ed. Vasyuka Yu. A. | This guide, which has a practical focus, provides the most important information about the latest scientific achievements in the field of functional diagnostics of arterial hypertension and ischemic ... - Practical Medicine, (format: 60x90/8, 162 pages) | 2012 | 1063 | paper book |
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HEART- HEART. Contents: I. Comparative anatomy........... 162 II. Anatomy and histology ........... 167 III. Comparative physiology .......... 183 IV. Physiology .................. 188 V. Pathophysiology ................. 207 VI. Physiology, pat. ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
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Semenovich, A.V. Those Incredible Lefties[Text] / A. V. Semenovich. M.: Genesis, 2009.
Shelopukho, O. Left-handed and right-handed [Text] / O. Shelopukho. –M.: Olma Media Group, 2008. – 320p.
Additional Recommended Reading
Bendas, T.V. Gender psychology of leadership [Text] / T.V. Bendas. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000. - 236 p.
Bern, Sh. Gender psychology [Text] / Sh. Berne. - St. Petersburg: Prime-EVROZNAK, 2001. - 446 p.
Bendas, T.V. Gender psychology [Text] / T.V. Bendas. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 431s.
Bezrukikh, M. Left-handed child at school and at home [Text] / M. Bezrukikh. - Yekaterinburg: LITUR, 2001. - 320p.
Bragina, N.N. Functional human asymmetries [Text] / N.N. Bragina, T.A. Dobrokhotov. - M.: Medicine, 1988. - 241 p.
Garien, M. Boys and girls learn differently [Text] / M. Garien. – M.: AST, Astrel, 2004. - 304 p.
Goroshko, E.I. Functional brain asymmetry, language, gender. Analytical review[Text] /E. I. Goroshko. -Kharkov: INZHEK, 2005. - 288 p.
Zakharov, A.I. How to prevent deviations in the behavior of the child [Text] / A.I. Zakharov. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 136 p.
Zakharov A.I. Children's neuroses: Psychological help of parents to children [Text] / A.I. Zakharov. - St. Petersburg: Soyuz, 1995. - 152 p.
Ivanov, V.V. Even and odd (asymmetry of the brain and sign systems) [Text] / V.V. Ivanov - M.: Enlightenment, 1978. - 175p.
Ilyin, E.P. Differential psychophysiology of men and women [Text] / E.P. Ilyin. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 355 p.
Koltsova, M.M. The development of signal systems of reality in children [Text] / M.M. Koltsov. - L .: Nauka, 1980. - 164 p.
Libin, A.V. Differential psychology: at the intersection of European, Russian and American traditions [Text] / A.V. Libin - M.: Meaning, 2004. - 527p.
Luria, A.R. human brain and mental processes[Text] / A.R. Luria. - M .: Pedagogy, 1970. - 495s.
Neuropsychology of individual differences. Left brain, right brain and psyche [Text] / E.D. Khomskaya, I.V. Efimova, E.V. Budyka, E.V. Enikolopov. - M .: Russian Pedagogical Agency, 1997. - 282 p.
Rebrova, N.P. Functional interhemispheric asymmetry of a person and mental processes [Text] / N.P. Rebrova. - M.: Speech, 2004. -80s
Rotenberg, V.S. Brain. Education. Health [Text] / V.S. Rotenberg, V.S. Bondarenko. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989. - P.340.
Semenovich, A.V. Interhemispheric organization of mental processes in left-handers [Text] / A.V. Semenovich. – M.: MGU, 1991. – 96p.
Simernitskaya, E.G. The human brain and mental processes in ontogenesis [Text] / E.G. Simernitskaya. - M.: MGU, 1985. - 190s.
Sirotyuk, A.L. Learning without stress [Text] / A.L. Sirotyuk. // Preschool education. - No. 1. - 2005. - S. 76 - 85.
Sirotyuk, A.L. Teaching children with regard to psychophysiology: A practical guide for teachers and parents [Text] / A.L. Sirotyuk. - M.: Sphere, 2000. - 128s.
Khomskaya, E.D. Neuropsychology [Text] / E.D. Khomskaya - M.: MGU, 1987. - S.55 - 68.
Khrizman, T.P. Boys and girls. Two different worlds [Text] / T.P. Khrizman, V.D. Eremeeva. - M.: LINKA-PRESS, 1998. -184p.
2.3.3. Databases, information and reference and search systems
1. Electronic library system elibrary http://elibrary.ru
2. Universal reference and information full-text database “East View” LLC “IVIS” http://www.eastview.com/
3. Electronic directory "Informio" http://www.informio.ru/
4. Automated library Information system MARC-SOL 1.10 (MARC 21). Intrauniversity network http://igpi-ishim.ru/
5. Electronic library system "University Library Online" http://www.biblioclub.ru
Logistics of discipline
The material and technical support of this discipline includes:
Auditoriums (no special equipment required);
Teaching aids: multimedia projector to accompany lectures; computers and programs for testing by discipline;
Visual aids.
Organization of classroom and independent work of students. Guidelines teachers and students
Organization of classroom work of students
Abstracts of individual lectures
Lecture on the topic:
The role of the right and left hemispheres in the organization of human mental activity
Plan:
1.
2. Hypotheses for explaining the mechanisms underlying the asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in the process of organizing mental functions.
1. Methods for studying the functional asymmetry of the brain and interhemispheric interaction (the method of evoked potentials, the Wada test, cutting the commissures (commissurotomy), methods of dichotic listening, tachistoscopy viewing, etc.) and the functions of the right and left hemispheres of the human brain.
The problem of interhemispheric organization of mental activity is being actively developed in Russian neuropsychology. Basic theoretical concept of the modern neuropsychological school is the theory of systemic dynamic brain localization of mental functions, developed by A.R. Luria. According to this concept and modern ideas, under normal conditions, the brain works as a whole, the hemispheres are interconnected and complement each other. In the implementation of any mental function, both the left and right hemispheres take part, performing their specific role. Patterns of interhemispheric interaction and interhemispheric asymmetry as a particular case of interaction are among the most important, fundamental patterns of the brain as a paired organ.
Interhemispheric asymmetry is understood as “inequality, a qualitative difference in the contribution that the right and left hemispheres of the brain make to each mental function; distribution of mental functions between the left and right hemispheres: in the performance of some mental functions, the left hemisphere is leading, while others - the right.
Interhemispheric interaction is a special mechanism for combining the left and right hemispheres of the brain into a single integrative holistic system, which is formed in ontogenesis.
E.D. Chomskaya distinguishes three periods in the history of the development of the problem of functional asymmetry of the human brain:
1. The period of ideas about the total role of the left hemisphere in the implementation of all mental functions (1860 - 1960).
2. The period of ideas about the relative dominance of the left hemisphere in verbal processes and the right hemisphere in non-verbal forms of mental activity (1960 - early 1980s).
3. The period of study of the specificity of the contribution of each hemisphere to any mental function (1980 - today).
The results of clinical and psychological studies of L. Ya. Balonova, V. L. Dyaglin, E. P. Kok, A. R. Luria, R. Sperry, H. Hekaen, experimental studies healthy subjects D. Kimura, A. R. Luria, E. G. Simernitskaya
allowed to conclude that the right hemisphere has its own mental functions and plays a decisive role in the implementation of all non-verbal forms of mental activity.
Data were obtained on the participation of the right hemisphere in speech processes (M. Gazzaniga, E. Seidel, D. Levy, A. R. Luria, E. G. Simernitskaya and others) and the left hemisphere in non-verbal forms of mental activity (M. Bever, L Vignolo, D. Kimura, E. P. Kok, E. G. Simernitskaya, H. Sprinser and others).
In clinical studies L. Ya. Balonova, M. Bogen, N. Gazzaniga, H. Jackson, V. L. Diaglin, E. P. Kok, A.R. Luria, H. Hekaen established violations of visual and auditory perception in lesions of the right and left hemispheres. With damage to the right hemisphere, common perception disorders are difficulties in recognizing objects, familiar faces, visual-spatial perception, visual-constructive activity, recognition of images with a partially destroyed contour, synthesis of a figure from disparate elements, mental completion of incomplete figures. When the functions of the right hemisphere are suppressed with the help of electric shock in the visual sphere, there is an inferiority of figurative perception: patients are not able to pick up figures that are identical in shape, but differently colored. Damage to this hemisphere causes difficulties in perceiving complex rhythmic combinations of sounds and pitch relationships, distinguishing the duration of sounds, perceiving timbre, disturbing the localization of sounds in space, perceiving objective sounds, environmental noises and melodies.
Damage to the left hemisphere is associated with impaired speech perception (recognition of speech sounds, understanding of words, sentences), writing from dictation (skipping individual sounds, confusion of letters, lack of order of letters), recognition of letters, reading, difficulty in understanding visual and, especially, complex logical -grammatical structures, in the implementation of counting operations. When the left hemisphere is “switched off” by the Wada test, the patient has difficulty in naming objects. E. Seidel found that the vocabulary of auditory perception of an isolated right hemisphere corresponds to the vocabulary of a healthy person at the age of eight to twelve years.
L.Ya. Balonov, V.L. Deglin found that when the left hemisphere is depressed, there is a loss of the semantic function of phonemes with a preserved analysis of the physical parameters of sound. Inactivation of the right hemisphere contributes to the aggravation of speech hearing, that is, a decrease in detection thresholds and an improvement in the recognition of individual sounds of speech, syllables, words. L.Ya. Balonov, M. Bruden, V.L. Deglin, A.R. Luria, V.S. Morozov and others found that the right hemisphere analyzes the intonation-voice characteristics of speech.
Studies of healthy subjects conducted by D. Kimura showed that during tachistoscopic unilateral presentation of images in the left half of the visual field (LFF) or the right half of the visual field (RFF), the left hemisphere usually has an advantage in speed and accuracy in the perception of visual verbal information, and the right the hemisphere has an advantage in the perception of non-verbal information.
In contrast to the unilateral method, the results of various authors are contradictory with the bilateral method of presenting visual verbal stimuli. According to some researchers, in experiments with bilateral presentation of verbal stimuli, LPPP predominates. An analysis of these works showed that these data may be due to the role of the reading skill acquired during life; in most of these works, control over the correct fixation of the eyes is not carried out.
Studies of commissurotomy patients conducted by M. Gazzaniga, R. Sperry showed the ability of the right hemisphere to understand written speech expressed in non-verbal form: after commissurotomy, patients were able to select a picture with an image corresponding to the presented word with their left hand. M. Gazzaniga, R. Springer, V. Milner found that the easiest task for the right hemisphere is the perception of nouns and numbers. When perceiving verbs and when analyzing complex grammatical structures, the right hemisphere experiences difficulties. J. Levy, R. Nebs, R. Sperry found that patients with a split brain are able to write down words presented to the left half of the visual field with their left hand. The ability of the right hemisphere to perform a motor action corresponding to the presented verb was established.
The left hemisphere has an advantage in recognizing images of simple objects and simple geometric shapes. It is assumed that these images are verbally encoded in the brain in the form of the names of the corresponding objects and figures. Stimuli called non-verbalizable (meaningless figures, squiggles, patterns of various kinds) are better recognized when presented in the LPPZ. However, the right hemisphere retains its leading role in recognizing even well-known and easily verbalized images in cases where it is necessary to distinguish between individual details: for example, to detect a gap in the contour or to differentiate similar and therefore difficult to distinguish images.
The right hemisphere has an advantage in the speed of processing integral and complex patterns, and the perception of the word as a whole is carried out by the right hemisphere. This position is consistent with the results of studies of interhemispheric asymmetry among peoples with hieroglyphic writing.
It is assumed that interhemispheric differences in visual perception depend on the nature of the stimulus material. S. Robertshaw, M. Sheldon showed that, perceiving the same image, each hemisphere chose from it the information that was more in line with its specialization: the left - verbal, the right - non-verbal.
Other studies have found that the advantage of the right or left hemisphere in visual perception depends on the task. D. Bradshaw, G. Geffen concluded that the right hemisphere is superior to the left when the task does not require verbalization of stimuli and the decision can be made based on the description of images in terms of their physical properties. A comparison of stimuli by name is carried out in the left hemisphere.
M. Bruden, E. Zarif, D. Kimura et al. using the dichotic method revealed faster and more accurate recognition of verbal stimuli - letters, words, numbers - when perceived with the right ear ("right ear effect"), and when presented with non-verbal auditory stimuli revealed the advantage of the left ear (“left ear effect”).
The advantage of one of the hemispheres in perception depends on the influence of the instruction and the nature of the stimulus material. A. Lieberman, A. Maraski, D. Scharf found that the orientation of the subjects to the perception of speech stimuli or the selection of individual signal elements reveals the advantage of the right ear. If the subjects were oriented toward the perception of nonverbal information or perceived the signal as an integral image, the stimuli delivered to the left ear were more accurately recognized.
Studies conducted using the dichotic listening method found that the advantage of the right ear in the perception of verbal information occurs only in 80% of right-handed people, while, according to the Wada test, the number of subjects with the dominance of the left hemisphere in speech perception is observed in more than 95% right-handed populations. Such a discrepancy in the data obtained is explained by the presence of anomalies in the ratio of ipsi- and contralateral pathways.
On the problem of the interhemispheric organization of mental functions, a lot of factual data, sometimes contradictory, has been accumulated. The reasons for this are the variety of objects of study (sick and healthy subjects), the heterogeneity of methodological techniques, and the conditions for conducting experiments.
Ontogenetic changes in the psychological structure speech activity are accompanied by a transition from reliance on the directly sensory components of the structural organization of the function to reliance on logical-analytical ones. The development of speech occurs due to the expansion of the repertoire of its functions, due to a change in the means of their implementation.
E.G. Simernitskaya found that speech in children performs somewhat different tasks than in adults, and does not yet have a symbolic and regulatory function. Speech in childhood to a greater extent obeys the laws of not logical, but direct sensory perception, is characterized by insufficient awareness and arbitrariness, which is more dependent on the structures of the right hemisphere. In the formation of the dominance of the left hemisphere in speech, a decisive role is played by the age-related change in the psychological structure of speech activity (learning to write, read, count).
The least studied in ontogeny is the functional specialization of the hemispheres in visual perception. During the neonatal period in the right hemisphere, the prevalence of the amplitude of evoked potentials to a flash of light and the presence of a rhythm assimilation reaction were noted. S. Vitelson established the advantage of the right hemisphere in the perception of facial images already at the age of five. In the work of V. A. Ayrapetyants, it was established that with figurative forms of activity, the predominance of the activity of the right hemisphere clearly appears already in preschool age, according to B. S. Kotik - starting from the age of four.
T. G. Beteleva, D. A. Farber believe that the mechanisms of complete structural recognition of images inherent in the right hemisphere are formed in the period from the moment of birth to three to six years. The classification method of image recognition, implemented in the left hemisphere, is formed at the age of fourteen to sixteen years.
To explain the facts that testify to the early manifestations of right-hemispheric specialization in the perception of non-verbal information, literature data are used that the right hemisphere matures earlier than the left, is better supplied with blood, and is more active in the first years of life compared to the left hemisphere.
An analysis of the interaction of signaling systems made it possible to establish the typological features of higher nervous activity in children. “The first signaling system is a concept introduced by the famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov, to designate a system of analyzers that perceive information coming through the senses in the form of a variety of natural stimuli: physical, mechanical, chemical, etc.” "The second signaling system is a concept introduced to refer to a system of signals associated with speech."
In the laboratories of A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky, N. I. Krasnogorsky, it was established that the younger the children, the more often they have irradiation of excitation from the first signal system (I s.s.) to the second signal system (II s.s.) which is diffuse. The authors found that at the senior preschool age typological features of nervous activity are quite clearly revealed, since by this time nervous processes are already mature enough.
N.N. Paramonova, by developing a conditional connection according to a verbal command in children of preschool age, found that at three to five years of age there are various forms of dissociation in the work of I and II s.s. In children of six years, the activity of both systems becomes coordinated. As the child develops II s.s. acquires an increasing role in its higher nervous activity. This is expressed in the development of generalization by the word of direct signals and the possibility of developing reactions to them through the word.
In the work of M.M. Koltsov's study of the interaction of signaling systems was carried out on the basis of obtaining a negative induction effect from one or another signaling system, activating it. It has been established that in children of three to four years old, long latent periods of reactions to verbal signals show an inhibitory effect from I s.s. on II s.s.: negative induction effect from I s.s. on II s.s. expressed three times stronger than with II s.s. on I s.s. At six to seven years, the negative induction effect is recorded mainly from II s.s. on I s.s., and it is twice as strong as with I s.s. on II s.s.
Based on the data on a very high variability of latent periods of reactions to verbal signals and significant fluctuations in latent periods of reactions to direct stimuli in children of three to four years old, the author concludes that both levels of reflective activity are not yet mature enough and the second signal level is especially weak in functional terms. . By the age of six to seven, both functional levels become more mature, and their temporal characteristics are more stable.
In the study of M.M. Koltsov showed that the change in the leading functional level of brain activity in older preschool age is recorded not only according to physiological tests, but also psychological methods of research (identification of an “extra” object, storytelling from a picture, classification of objects into groups, determination of the productivity of an arbitrary and involuntary memorization). The change in the power relations of the signaling systems, observed in the preschool period, is a consequence of the initial prevalence of the functions of the right hemisphere, then a gradual increase in the influence of the left hemisphere as its functional maturation.
MM. Koltsova notes that in children of the first four years, the activity of I s.s. prevails over the activity of II s.s. - all of them belong to a pronounced artistic type, which is associated with age-related characteristics, depending on the functional weakness of II s.s.
V.A. Airapetyants, G.K. Ushakov established a clear pattern of reciprocity between the right and left hemispheres. In children, EEG was recorded in a state of calm wakefulness and during functional loads (primary and second signal). The presence of interhemispheric asymmetry was established both at rest and during exercise. At the same time, the activity of the right hemisphere was predominant in five-six-year-old children. In eight-year-old children, left-sided asymmetry was more pronounced than in seven-year-old children. Eight-year-old children showed an increase in the left frontal and speech areas in the analysis of speech signals.
Similar data were obtained by E.V. Gurova. It determined the prevalence of the hemisphere in terms of the rate of development of reactions, differentiations, etc. on direct and verbal signals and established the fact of reciprocity of relations between the right and left hemispheres. Demonstrative results have also been obtained in clinical trials. L. Ya. Ballonova, V. L. Deglina, M. Gazzaniga, V. M. Mosidze on a split brain or when one of the hemispheres was turned off during unilateral electric shock also established the reciprocity of the relations of the cerebral hemispheres.
Thus, according to existing ideas, interhemispheric relations have their own dynamics of development in the process of ontogenesis. In the early stages of ontogenesis, the activity of the right hemisphere is predominant. A holistic direct perception of the world, a feeling of inextricable fusion with it is a necessary and initial condition for interaction with the environment, adaptation to it. From the first weeks of life, the child begins the development of cognitive activity - first in an elementary form, and then in more complex manifestations. Acquaintance with the surrounding world occurs empirically, with the help of direct perception of reality through sensory channels. In the second year, the verbalization of directly perceived stimuli begins. At this time, the mechanisms of integration by the word of many direct stimuli are included in the activity. By definition, I.M. Sechenov, the object of a child’s thought is not “copies from reality, but some echoes of it, at first very close to the real order of things, but little by little moving away from their original roots.”
Many authors believe that the beginning of the activation of the left hemisphere can be taken as the time when the child begins to adequately respond to the words of the people around him. At first, only the immediate components acquire a signal value, and the semantic content of verbal signals is perceived and has a certain effect somewhat later - according to E.G. Simernitskaya, at the end of the second year.
N.N. Bragina, T.A. Dobrokhotova, O. Zangwill, A.R. Luria, A.V. Semenovich, E.G. Simernitskaya point to the atypical formation of interhemispheric functional relationships in left-handers compared to right-handers. Atypia of mental development is one of the basic features of persons with the left-handedness factor. Neurophysiological studies have shown that in childhood left-handers have a decrease in the level of interhemispheric connections of the symmetrical centers of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Interactions of various zones within the left hemisphere are less differentiated and selective; there is a whole complex of other, no less significant features of the formation of the bioelectrical activity of the brain. Thus, the factor analysis of neurophysiological data showed that age-related dynamics is less pronounced in left-handed people (children and adults), a general similarity of the structure of the spatial organization of cerebral rhythms of the cerebral hemispheres is revealed, which in right-handed people acquires an asymmetric ("adult") structure with age.
These data convincingly point to signs of atypical formation of interhemispheric and subcortical-cortical functional relationships in left-handers compared to right-handers.
The results of numerous neurophysiological, neuropsychological studies by V. A. Ayrapetyants, T. P. Khrizman and other scientists have shown that left-handers in childhood have a decrease in the level of interhemispheric connections of symmetrical centers in the right and left hemispheres; interactions within the left hemisphere become less differentiated and selective, a whole complex of features of the bioelectrical activity of the brain of left-handed people in ontogeny is ascertained.
There are data on age-related changes in the nature of intra- and interhemispheric interaction in left-handed children. Factor analysis of the EEG data showed that in left-handers (children and adults) there is a general similarity in the structure of the spatial organization of the EEG of the cerebral hemispheres, which in right-handed people acquires an asymmetric structure with age due to rearrangements in the right hemisphere.
At the age of eight to twelve years, they are characterized by right-sided interhemispheric asymmetry and greater involvement in the activity of the right hemisphere, which decreases with age. In addition, for left-handed children up to nine or ten years of age, interhemispheric integration is more significant and interhemispheric interaction is less significant.
Observations of healthy left-handers revealed that they tend to develop speech late and have difficulty mastering writing (largely due to a lack of acoustic analysis and synthesis); in a sensitized experiment, even at eight to twelve years old, they demonstrate defects in sound-letter analysis.
Practice Plans
EVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONAL INTERHEMISHERIC ASYMMETRY
Chapter 1. Role of bilateral symmetry in progressive evolution nervous system and plasticity of invertebrate behavior. The transition from symmetry to asymmetry
AND I. carp
Chapter 2 Asymmetry in invertebrates
T.P. Udalova
Chapter 3 Evolutionary features of functional brain asymmetry and the role of neuropeptides in its regulation
T.N. Sollertinskaya
Chapter 4 Formation and organization of motor preference in rats
K.S. Stashkevich
ONTOGENESIS OF FUNCTIONAL INTERHEMISHERIC ASYMMETRY
Chapter 5 Functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain as an object of reproductive systemogenesis
A.V. Chernositov, V.I. Orlov, V.V. Vasiliev
Chapter 6 Interhemispheric asymmetry, its function and ontogenesis
V. Rotenberg
Chapter 7 Interhemispheric interaction in normal and deviant development: brain mechanisms and psychological characteristics
M.S. Kovyazina, E.Yu. Balashova
Chapter 8 Neuroactive steroids and the formation of sexual dimorphism lateral organization brain
E.D. Morenkov, L.P. Petrova
CENTRAL-PERIPHERAL ORGANIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL INTERHEMISPHERE ASYMMETRY
Chapter 9 Features of the cytoarchitectonic structure of the cortical and subcortical formations of the brain in men and women
I.N. Bogolepova, L.I. Malofeeva, V.V. Amunts, K.S. Orzhekhovskaya
Chapter 10 Functional asymmetry of the immune, hematopoietic and neuroendocrine systems
V.V. Abramov, T.Ya. Abramova, A.F. Poveshchenko, V.A. Kozlov
Chapter 11 Visual recognition: the specifics of the psychophysiological mechanisms of the dominant and subdominant hemispheres of the human brain
V.M. Crawl
Chapter 12 Asymmetry of amplitude-temporal properties of purposeful saccades in primates
A.V. Latanov, L.V. Tereshchenko, O.V. Kolesnikova, V.V. Shulgovsky
Chapter 13 Arm asymmetry: central or peripheral origin?
B. Gutnik, V.I. Kobrin, R. Degabril
STATIONARY AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONAL INTERHEMISHERAL ASYMMETRY
Chapter 14 Stationary and dynamic organization of functional interhemispheric asymmetry
V.F. Fokin, A.I. Boravova, N.S. Galkina, N.V. Ponomareva, I.A. Shimko
Chapter 15 Functional brain asymmetry and incomplete adaptation
V.P. Leutin, E.Zh Nikolaeva, E.V. Fomina
Chapter 16 Population structure of polymorphism of functional interhemispheric asymmetry
V.V. Arshavsky
Chapter 17 Functional asymmetry of the brain and emotions
M.N. Rusalova, V.M. Mermaids
Chapter 18 Hormones and dynamics of functional interhemispheric asymmetry
M.P. Chernysheva, R.I. Kovalenko
FUNCTIONAL INTERHEMISPHERAL ASYMMETRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF PATHOLOGY
Chapter 19 Speech Disintegrations and Their Brain Mechanisms from the Position of Interhemispheric Asymmetry of the Brain
T.G. Wshel
Chapter 20 Reduction and reversion of interhemispheric asymmetry of the human brain as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
L.A. Zhavoronkova, N.B. Kholodov
Chapter 21 The specificity of manifestations of defects in thinking in the daily activity of patients with focal lesions of the right and left hemispheres
O.A. Krotkov
APPLIED AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL INTERHEMISPHERAL ASYMMETRY
Chapter 22 Techniques for the study and evaluation of the functional asymmetry of the human brain in normal and pathological conditions
E.V. Sharova, E.V. Enikolopova, O.S. Zaitsev, G.N. Boldyreva, E.M. Troshina, L.B. Oknina
Chapter 23 Diagnosis of left-handedness and lateral signs
A.P. Chuprikov, R.M. Gnatyuk
Chapter 24 Functional asymmetries and sports
EAT. Berdichevskaya, A.S. Troy
Chapter 25 Interhemispheric functional asymmetry and the problem of individual health
K.V. Efimova, E.V. Budyka