Historical excursion. In Russia, the number of scientific and pedagogical workers in 1913 was 11.6 thousand, in the USA in 1910 it was almost three times more - 33.6 thousand. In Russia there were 414 chemists, almost 15 times less than in the USA, in 8 times less than in Germany and England, 2.5 times less than in France. The lack of scientific personnel in Russia during this period held back scientific and technological progress and became especially intolerable in the conditions of the newest revolution in natural science that had begun.

The high level of Soviet science was confirmed by the assessments of a fairly large number of results of work that was not carried out abroad or had only just begun. This primarily applied to certain areas of physics (acoustics, optics and quantum electronics, solid state physics), general and technical chemistry (colloidal chemistry and physicochemical mechanics, chemical physics, including the problems of combustion and explosion, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, high energy chemistry), physical chemistry and technology of inorganic materials (physical and chemical foundations of metallurgy, new processes for the production and processing of metallic materials, theoretical foundations of chemical technology), energy (the use of superconductivity in energy, nuclear energy), geological sciences, computer science, research in the field of physiological, biochemical and structural foundations human life, etc.

Development of many scientific directions was associated with the country's defense strategy, which was specific to the USSR. The level of engineering and technology in the science-intensive sectors of the defense industry was close to the world level.

The modern scientific, technical and educational potential of modern Russia has a certain specificity compared to the Soviet period.

In the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of market reforms in Russia, there was an essentially landslide decline in funding for the scientific sphere, cooperation ties with scientific institutions other former republics of the USSR. This led to a sharp reduction in both the general front of scientific research and the virtual disappearance of some areas in this area, as well as to a reduction in the scale of research and development work itself and an outflow of qualified scientific personnel from them.

At present, according to the Russian Academy of Sciences, in terms of public spending on R&D per capita ($86) Russia lags behind the leaders by 4-5 times, and in terms of private spending ($40) by 15-20 times. In terms of per capita spending on R&D by the private sector, China is already almost 1.5 times ahead of Russia, where the level of spending per researcher is extremely low. According to this indicator, Russia is 3 times behind the world average.

However, since 1999 the situation has begun to change in a positive direction.

Today, the non-alternative basis for the policy of acquiring a high status for Russia in the world economic community is the management of scientific and technological progress and the creation of a technological environment compatible with developed countries. Of course, we need to continue to develop market mechanisms for managing the economy, to carry out appropriate institutional reforms. But this still does not resolve the issue of a worthy prospect for Russia in the scientific and technical field.

Setting the task of increasing the volume and improving the structure of financing of the scientific and technical sphere should take into account critical threshold indicators of national security, and the achievement of these indicators has encountered certain difficulties. Thus, in 2009, R&D expenditures amounted to only slightly more than 1% of Russia's GDP (as already noted, by 2020 this figure is planned to increase to 2.5%).

Scientific and technical and educational policy should proceed from a two-stage transition from the current to the innovative model of economic development. At the first stage (medium term), the real goal is to achieve the indicated thresholds in relation to the share of expenditures on science in GDP (for comparison: currently in Sweden it is 3.7%, Japan - 3.2%, USA - 2.8 %), the share of appropriations for basic research in total spending on science and the share of spending on innovation in the total volume of industrial output.

The progress achieved will help Russia become more competitive in the world market of science-intensive products and bring its share in it to at least 2% against 0.3% in 2002. To solve this problem, it is necessary to overcome the crisis in Russian fundamental and applied science.

Russian science has a unique potential. In terms of the number of research scientists (410 thousand people, or less than 8% of their global number), it is ahead of most developed countries, except for the USA and Japan. And although, according to the World Economic Forum, Russia consistently ranks 3rd in this indicator, in 2006 it was in 32nd place in terms of the level of scientific research, and in 44th place in terms of R&D spending.

The so-called brain drain hinders the development of Russian science. According to expert estimates, more than 30 thousand Russian scientists are currently working abroad, including up to 18 thousand in the field fundamental research. There is evidence that from 100,000 to 250,000 scientists have left the country over the past 20 years. This is largely a consequence of the fact that the salary of a Russian scientist of the same qualification is 40-50 times less than in developed countries. According to many forecasts, the brain drain will increase, especially in the field of information technology (in developed countries, only at the beginning of the 21st century, there were not enough 850,000 such specialists).

Another reason for the crisis of Russian science is that the domestic economy is not able to adopt modern developments. International trade technologies in Russia is clearly non-equivalent: under the agreements signed, technologies imported from abroad are valued much more expensive than technologies created in Russia. On average, the purchase price of technology is 3.2 times higher than the sale price, and in some cases, almost 80 times. It should also be noted that many foreign technologies are of Russian origin. Thus, according to experts from Rospatent, Russian developments in the field of electronic, laser, fiber-optic technology, oil and gas processing technologies, organic chemistry, medical and environmental technology have been patented in the United States. Only in 1992-2000. more than 1,000 patents for military and dual-use technologies have been registered in the United States, where the authors are Russian inventors, and the owners of patents and, therefore, exclusive rights are foreign legal entities and individuals.

Thus, Russia participates extremely inefficiently in the international exchange of technologies. Proceeds from the export of scientific research amounted to at the beginning of the XXI century. about 63 million dollars, and patents and licenses - only 1.7 million dollars. At the same time, revenues in the United States only from the sale of licenses amounted to about 40 billion dollars, Japan - more than 10 billion, Great Britain - about 8 billion, Germany - more than 3 billion dollars

A particularly unfavorable situation has developed in the field of the military-industrial complex (DIC), despite the fact that Russia in terms of exports of arms and military equipment (WME) (more than $ 8 billion in 2008) ranks second in the world after the United States. The reduction in the state order forced defense industry enterprises to export the most modern technology abroad (the state order for military equipment has been growing quite dynamically since 2005).

Due to the historically established system of military technology priority in Russia, about 75% of R&D is performed by defense industry enterprises. It follows from this that in the near future, without the modernization of the defense industry, the development of high-tech industries is impossible. Aware of this situation, the management of the defense industry is consolidating assets and financial flows, forming single industry holdings under the control of the state. In the process of reforming it, 700-800 viable enterprises are oriented toward integration within the framework of 40-50 basic holdings with a controlling stake in the state, which will purposefully introduce the basic technologies of high-tech production.

At present, venture funds, which are the basis for stimulating innovation processes in developed countries, practically do not work in Russia. Venture Innovation Fund - VIF, created in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation in March 2000 in order to form organizational structure venture investment systems are still underfunded by the state.

A significant potential for scientific and technological development lies in such a form of innovation infrastructure as science cities. Currently, the status of a science city of the Russian Federation has been assigned to the city of Obninsk, Kaluga Region (2000), the cities of Korolev and Dubna, Moscow Region (2001), the working settlement of Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region (2003), the city of Michurinsk, Tambov Region (2003). ), the cities of Reutov and Fryazino, Moscow Region (2003), Peterhof, St. Petersburg (2005), Pushchino, Moscow Region (2005). On March 23, 2010, the Russian leadership decided to establish a Center for Advanced Technologies in the city of Skolkovo, Moscow Region.

In general, the budgets of the leading Russian research institutes, according to American experts, account for only 3-5% of the material support of similar institutions in the United States.

The amount of funding for science cities is constantly increasing, although it is not enough to overcome the crisis in Russian science and education.

The priority measures to stimulate scientific, technical and innovative activities include:

■ increase in the share of spending on scientific research as a percentage of GDP;

■ support for the export of science-intensive products and training of managers for the commercialization of scientific developments and the introduction of intellectual property into economic circulation;

■ state order for the training of highly qualified personnel, as well as economic, primarily tax measures, to stimulate the training of personnel at the expense of their own industries and activities;

■ increasing the efficiency of using the results of fundamental research and R&D and their implementation in industrial production, using the existing scientific, technical and intellectual potential and introducing intellectual property into economic circulation;

■ setting priorities for knowledge-intensive industries and technologies, given that the restoration of their entire range is economically unsustainable and irrational even in developed countries;

■ restructuring of the scientific and technological complex in accordance with the established priorities;

■ increasing innovative activity through the development of small business in the scientific and technical sphere and the formation of a new infrastructure for the innovation process, part of which should be innovation and consulting firms, innovation and technology centers and technology parks;

■ development and use of an economic mechanism that stimulates the introduction of innovations in production (including: differentiation of tax cuts on profits from the production and sale of products manufactured using certified intellectual property objects, improvement of the pricing mechanism for science-intensive products, provision of government interest-free loans to enterprises for the purchase and the development of certified innovative innovations, the provision of free licenses to enterprises for the industrial development of intellectual property created at the expense of budgetary funds and owned by the state).

According to S. M. Rogov, director of the Institute for the USA and Canada of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia's emergence as a leader in global scientific and technological development requires the accelerated implementation of the state strategy for supporting R&D and innovation. Taking into account world experience and features state of the art economy of Russia, such a strategy should include, he believes, two complementary components. First, it is necessary to increase budget funding for priority areas of fundamental research, as well as (in the defense sphere) applied R&D. Secondly, a well-thought-out tax policy to stimulate private sector spending on R&D (“tax spending”) and an effective public science policy are required.

At the first stage, the task is to bring R&D spending to at least 2% of GDP in the coming years (1% through public funding and 1% through private spending). In 2012, Russia can and should reach the level of 50% of the leaders in spending per researcher - about $50 billion per year in 2010 prices.

At the second stage (until 2020), R&D spending should reach 3% of GDP - 75% of the level of leaders in spending per researcher, in order to ensure access to average level in the amount of 70-80 billion dollars a year at constant prices.

At the third stage (mid-21st century), Russia's spending on R&D should be increased to 4-5% of GDP ($100-120 billion per year at constant prices), which will allow it to enter the group of world leaders in spending per researcher.

The prospects for the place and role of Russia in the world scientific and technological development depend on how targeted and consistent the policy will be. Russian state to provide the necessary conditions for supporting and implementing the powerful scientific, technical, and intellectual potential that our country has in the scientific and educational fields.

The destroyed scientific and technological potential, the one that our country had in the days of the USSR, cannot be restored, and it is not necessary. The main task today is to create in Russia a new, powerful scientific and technological potential at an accelerated pace, and for this it is necessary to know exactly the true state of affairs in science and higher education. Only then will decisions on management, support and financing of this area be made on a scientific basis and give real results - says the chief researcher of the Institute for Scientific Information in Social Sciences (INION) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Center for Informatization, Social and Technological Research and Scientific Analysis (Truth Center ) Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology and Ministry of Education Anatoly Ilyich Rakitov. From 1991 to 1996, he was an adviser to the President of Russia on issues of scientific and technological policy and informatization, and headed the Information and Analytical Center of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. Behind last years under the leadership of A. I. Rakitov and with his participation, several projects were carried out devoted to the analysis of the development of science, technology and education in Russia.

SIMPLE TRUTH AND SOME PARADOXES

All over the world, at least, so the majority thinks, science is done by young people. Our scientific staff is rapidly aging. In 2000, the average age of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences was over 70 years. This can still be understood - great experience and great achievements in science are not given immediately. But the fact that the average age of PhDs is 61 and candidates 52 is alarming. If the situation does not change, then by about 2016 the average age of researchers will reach 59 years. For Russian men, this is not only the last year of pre-retirement life, but also its average duration. Such a picture is emerging in the system of the Academy of Sciences. In universities and branch research institutes on a nationwide scale, the age of doctors of science is 57-59 years, and candidates - 51-52 years. So in 10-15 years science may disappear from us.

Thanks to the highest performance, supercomputers are able to solve the most difficult tasks. The most powerful computers of this class with a performance of up to 12 teraflops (1 teraflop - 1 trillion operations per second) are produced in the USA and Japan. In August of this year, Russian scientists announced the creation of a supercomputer with a capacity of 1 teraflop. The photo shows frames from TV reports dedicated to this event.

But here's what's interesting. According to official data, over the past 10 years competitions for universities have grown (2001 was a record year in this sense), and postgraduate and doctoral studies "baked" highly qualified young scientists at an unprecedented rate. If we take the number of students studying at universities in 1991/92 academic year, for 100%, then in 1998/99 they became 21.2% more. The number of graduate students of scientific research institutes has increased during this time by almost a third (1,577 people), and graduate students of universities - by 2.5 times (82,584 people). Admission to graduate school tripled (28,940 people), and the output was: in 1992 - 9532 people (23.2% of them with a dissertation defense), and in 1998 - 14,832 people (27.1% - with a dissertation defense). dissertations).

What is happening in our country with scientific personnel? What is actually their real scientific potential? Why do they age? The general picture is this. Firstly, after graduating from universities, not all students are eager to go to graduate school, many go there to avoid the army or live freely for three years. Secondly, the defended candidates and doctors of science, as a rule, can find a salary worthy of their title not in state research institutes, design bureaus, GIPRs and universities, but in commercial structures. And they go there, leaving their titled supervisors the opportunity to quietly grow old.

Leading universities provide students with the opportunity to use modern computer technology.

Employees of the Center for Informatization, Socio-Technological Research and Scientific Analysis (Truth Center) studied about a thousand websites of firms and recruiting organizations with job offers. The result was as follows: university graduates are offered an average salary of about $300 (today it is almost 9 thousand rubles), economists, accountants, managers and marketers - $400-500, programmers, highly qualified banking specialists and financiers - from $350 to $550, qualified managers - $ 1,500 or more, but this is already rare. Meanwhile, among all the proposals there is not even a mention of scientists, researchers, etc. This means that a young candidate or doctor of science is doomed to either work at an average university or research institute for a salary equivalent to 30-60 dollars, and at the same time constantly rush about in search of third-party earnings, part-time jobs, private lessons, etc. etc., or get a job in a commercial firm not in their specialty, where neither a candidate's degree nor a doctoral degree will be useful to him, except perhaps for prestige.

But there are other important reasons why young people leave the scientific field. Man does not live by bread alone. He still needs the opportunity to improve, to realize himself, to establish himself in life. He wants to see the future and feel at least on the same level with foreign colleagues. In our Russian conditions it is almost impossible. And that's why. First, science and the high-tech developments based on it are in very little demand in our country. Secondly, the experimental base, educational and research equipment, devices and devices in educational institutions are physically and morally obsolete by 20-30 years, and in the best, most advanced universities and research institutes - by 8-11 years. If we take into account that in developed countries technologies in science-intensive industries replace each other every 6 months - 2 years, such a lag may become irreversible. Thirdly, the system of organization, management, support of science and research and, most importantly, information support remained, at best, at the level of the 1980s. Therefore, almost every really capable, and even more so talented young scientist, if he does not want to degenerate, seeks to go into a commercial structure or go abroad.

According to official statistics, in 2000, 890.1 thousand people were employed in science (in 1990, more than 2 times more - 1943.3 thousand people). If, however, we evaluate the potential of science not by the number of employees, but by results, that is, by the number of patents registered, especially abroad, sold, including abroad, licenses and publications in prestigious international publications, then it turns out that we are inferior to the most developed countries by tens or even hundreds of times. In the USA, for example, in 1998, 12.5 million people were employed in science, of which 505,000 were doctors of science. Natives of the CIS countries among them are no more than 5%, and many grew up, studied and received degrees there, not here. Thus, it would be wrong to say that the West lives at the expense of our scientific and intellectual potential, but it is worth assessing its real state and prospects.

SCIENTIFIC-INTELLECTUAL AND SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

There is an opinion that, despite all the difficulties and losses, aging and outflow of personnel from science, we still retain the scientific and intellectual potential that allows Russia to remain among the leading powers of the world, and our scientific and technological developments are still attractive to foreign and domestic investors, however, investments are scanty.

In fact, in order for our products to win the domestic and foreign markets, they must qualitatively surpass the products of competitors. But the quality of products directly depends on technology, and modern, especially high technologies (they are the most profitable) - on the level of scientific research and technological development. In turn, their quality is the higher, the higher the qualifications of scientists and engineers, and its level depends on the entire education system, especially higher education.

If we talk about the scientific and technological potential, then this concept includes not only scientists. Its components are also the instrumentation and experimental park, access to information and its completeness, the system for managing and supporting science, as well as the entire infrastructure that ensures the advanced development of science and the information sector. Without them, neither technology nor the economy simply can work.

A very important issue is the training of specialists in universities. Let's try to figure out how they are prepared using the example of the fastest growing sectors modern science, which include biomedical research, research in the field of information technology and the creation of new materials. According to the latest "Science and engineering indicators" handbook published in the USA in 2000, in 1998 spending on these areas alone was comparable to defense spending and exceeded spending on space research. In total, $220.6 billion was spent on the development of science in the United States, of which two-thirds ($167 billion) were spent by the corporate and private sectors. A significant part of these gigantic funds went to biomedical and especially biotechnological research. Hence, they were highly cost-effective, since money in the corporate and private sectors is spent only on what makes a profit. Thanks to the implementation of the results of these studies, health care, the state of environment increased agricultural productivity.

In 2000, the specialists of the Tomsk state university Together with scientists from the ISTINA Center and several leading Russian universities, they studied the quality of training biologists in Russian universities. Scientists came to the conclusion that traditional biological disciplines are taught in classical universities. Botany, zoology, human and animal physiology are available in 100% of universities, plant physiology - in 72%, and such subjects as biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, soil science - only in 55% of universities, ecology - in 45% of universities. At the same time, modern disciplines: plant biotechnology, physical and chemical biology, electron microscopy - are taught only in 9% of universities. Thus, in the most important and promising areas of biological science, students are trained in less than 10% of classical universities. There are, of course, exceptions. For example, Moscow State University. Lomonosov and especially Pushchino State University, which operates on the basis of the campus, graduate only masters, postgraduates and doctoral students, and the ratio of students and supervisors in it is approximately 1:1.

Such exceptions emphasize that biology students can receive professional training at the level of the beginning of the 21st century only in a few universities, and even then they are not perfect. Why? Let me explain with an example. For problem solving genetic engineering, the use of transgene technology in animal husbandry and crop production, the synthesis of new medicines modern supercomputers are needed. In the United States, Japan, and the European Union countries, they are powerful computers with a performance of at least 1 teraflop (1 trillion operations per second). At St. Louis University, students had access to a 3.8 teraflop supercomputer two years ago. Today, the performance of the most powerful supercomputers has reached 12 teraflops, and in 2004 they are going to release a supercomputer with a capacity of 100 teraflops. In Russia, there are no such machines, our best supercomputer centers operate on computers of much lower power. True, this summer Russian specialists announced the creation of a domestic supercomputer with a capacity of 1 teraflop.

Our backwardness in information technology is directly related to the training of future intellectual personnel in Russia, including biologists, since computer synthesis, for example, of molecules, genes, decoding of the human, animal and plant genome can only give a real effect on the basis of the most powerful computing systems.

Finally, one more interesting fact. Researchers from Tomsk selectively interviewed professors of biological departments of universities and found that only 9% of them more or less regularly use the Internet. With a chronic shortage of scientific information received in the traditional form, not having access to the Internet or being unable to use its resources means only one thing - a growing backlog in biological, biotechnological, genetic engineering and other research and the absence of international relations absolutely necessary in science.

Today's students, even at the most advanced biological faculties, receive training at the level of the 70-80s of the last century, although they enter into life already in the 21st century. As far as research institutes are concerned, only about 35 biological research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences have more or less modern equipment, and therefore only there research is carried out at an advanced level. Only a few students of several universities can participate in them and educational center RAS (created within the framework of the program "Integration of science and education" and has the status of a university), receiving training on the basis of academic research institutes.

Another example. The first place among high technologies is occupied by the aerospace industry. Everything is involved in it: computers, modern control systems, precision instrumentation, engine and rocket science, etc. Although Russia occupies a fairly strong position in this industry, the lag is noticeable here too. It concerns to a large extent the aviation universities of the country. The specialists of the MAI Technological University who participated in our research named some of the most painful problems associated with the training of personnel for the aerospace industry. In their opinion, the level of training of teachers of applied departments (design, engineering, calculation) in the field of modern information technologies is still low. This is largely due to the lack of an influx of young teaching staff. The aging teaching staff is not able to intensively master constantly improving software products, not only because of gaps in computer training, but also because of the lack of modern technical means and software and information systems and, which is far from unimportant, due to the lack of material incentives. .

Another important industry is the chemical industry. Today, chemistry is unthinkable without scientific research and high-tech production systems. Indeed, chemistry is new Construction Materials, medicines, fertilizers, varnishes and paints, the synthesis of materials with desired properties, superhard materials, films and abrasives for instrumentation and mechanical engineering, energy processing, the creation of drilling units, etc.

What is the situation in chemical industry and especially in the field of applied experimental studies? For which industries do we train specialists - chemists? Where and how will they "chemize"?

Scientists of Yaroslavl technological university, who studied this issue together with specialists from the ISTINA Center, cite the following information: today the share of the entire Russian chemical industry accounts for about 2% of the world production of chemical products. This is only 10% of the volume of chemical production in the United States and no more than 50-75% of the volume of chemical production in countries such as France, Great Britain or Italy. As for applied and experimental research, especially in universities, the picture is as follows: by 2000, only 11 research projects had been completed in Russia, and the number of experimental developments had fallen to almost zero with a complete lack of funding. The technologies used in the chemical industry are outdated compared to the technologies of developed industrial countries, where they are updated every 7-8 years. Even large plants, such as those producing fertilizers, which have received a large share of investments, operate without modernization for an average of 18 years, while in the industry as a whole, equipment and technologies are updated after 13-26 years. By comparison, the average age of US chemical plants is six years.

PLACE AND ROLE OF BASIC RESEARCH

The main generator of fundamental research in our country is the Russian Academy of Sciences, but only about 90,000 employees work in its more or less tolerably equipped institutes (together with service personnel), the rest (more than 650,000 people) work in research institutes and universities. Basic research is also being carried out there. According to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, in 1999, about 5,000 of them were completed in 317 universities. The average budget cost for one fundamental research is 34,214 rubles. If we take into account that this includes the purchase of equipment and research objects, electricity costs, overheads, etc., then only 30 to 40% is left for salaries. It is easy to calculate that if at least 2-3 researchers or teachers participate in fundamental research, then they can count on an increase in wages, at best, 400-500 rubles per month.

As for the interest of students in scientific research, it rests more on enthusiasm than on material interest, and there are very few enthusiasts these days. At the same time, the subject of university research is very traditional and far from current problems. In 1999, universities conducted 561 studies in physics, and only 8 in biotechnology. That was thirty years ago, but it should not be today. In addition, fundamental research costs millions, and even tens of millions of dollars - with the help of wires, cans and other home-made devices, they have not been carried out for a long time.

Of course, there are additional sources of funding. In 1999, 56% of scientific research in universities was funded by self-supporting work, but they were not fundamental and could not radically solve the problem of creating a new human resources potential. The leaders of the most prestigious universities who receive orders for research work from commercial clients or foreign firms, realizing how much "fresh blood" is needed in science, have begun in recent years to pay extra to those graduate and doctoral students whom they would like to keep at the university for research or teaching work, to purchase new equipment. But only very few universities have such opportunities.

BET ON CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES

The concept of "critical technologies" first appeared in America. This was the name of the list of technological areas and developments that were primarily supported by the US government in the interests of economic and military superiority. They were selected on the basis of an extremely thorough, complex and multi-stage procedure, which included the examination of each item on the list by financiers and professional scientists, politicians, businessmen, analysts, representatives of the Pentagon and the CIA, congressmen and senators. Critical technologies were carefully studied by specialists in the field of science, science and technometry.

A few years ago, the Russian government also approved a list of critical technologies prepared by the Ministry of Science and Technology Policy (in 2000 it was renamed the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology) of more than 70 main headings, each of which included several specific technologies. Their total number exceeded 250. This is much more than, for example, in England - a country with a very high scientific potential. Neither in terms of funds, nor in terms of personnel, nor in terms of equipment, Russia could create and implement such a number of technologies. Three years ago, the same ministry prepared a new list of critical technologies, including 52 headings (still, by the way, not approved by the government), but we cannot afford it either.

To present the true state of affairs, here are some results of the analysis performed by the TRUE Center of two critical technologies from the last list. These are immunocorrection (in the West they use the term "immunotherapy" or "immunomodulation") and the synthesis of superhard materials. Both technologies are based on serious fundamental research and are aimed at industrial implementation. The first is important for maintaining human health, the second - for the radical modernization of many industrial productions, including defense, civil instrumentation and engineering, drilling rigs, etc.

Immunocorrection involves, first of all, the creation of new drugs. This also includes technologies for the production of immunostimulants to combat allergies, cancer, a number of colds and viral infections, etc. It turned out that, despite the general similarity of the structure, the studies conducted in Russia are clearly lagging behind. For example, in the United States, in the most important area - immunotherapy with dendritic cells, which is successfully used in the treatment of oncological diseases, the number of publications has increased by more than 6 times over 10 years, and we had no publications on this topic. I admit that research is underway, but if they are not recorded in publications, patents and licenses, then they are unlikely to be of great importance.

Over the past decade, the Pharmacological Committee of Russia has registered 17 domestic immunomodulatory drugs, 8 of them belong to the class of peptides, which are now almost not in demand on the international market. As for domestic immunoglobulins, their poor quality makes it necessary to satisfy demand with foreign-made drugs.

And here are some results related to another critical technology - the synthesis of superhard materials. Research by the well-known science expert Yu. V. Granovsky showed that there is an "introduction effect" here: the results obtained by Russian scientists are implemented in specific products (abrasives, films, etc.) produced by domestic enterprises. However, even here the situation is far from favorable.

The situation with the patenting of scientific discoveries and inventions in this area is especially alarming. Some patents of the Institute for High Pressure Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, issued in 2000, were claimed as early as 1964, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1975. Of course, it is not scientists who are to blame for this, but systems of examination and patenting. A paradoxical picture has emerged: on the one hand, the results of scientific research are recognized as original, and on the other hand, they are obviously useless, since they are based on technological developments long gone. These discoveries are hopelessly outdated, and it is unlikely that licenses for them will be in demand.

This is the state of our scientific and technological potential, if you delve into its structure not from amateurish, but from scientific positions. But we are talking about the most important, from the point of view of the state, critical technologies.

SCIENCE SHOULD BE FAVORABLE TO THOSE WHO CREATE IT

Back in the 17th century, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes wrote that people are driven by profit. 200 years later, Karl Marx, developing this idea, argued that history is nothing but the activity of people pursuing their own goals. If this or that activity is not profitable (in this case we are talking about science, scientists, developers modern technologies), then there is nothing to expect that the most talented, first-class trained young scientists will go into science, who will move it forward almost for nothing and in the absence of a proper infrastructure.

Today, scientists say that it is unprofitable for them to patent the results of their research in Russia. They turn out to be the property of research institutes and, more broadly, of the state. But the state, as you know, has almost no funds for their implementation. If new developments nevertheless reach the stage of industrial production, then their authors, at best, receive a bonus of 500 rubles, or even nothing at all. It is much more profitable to put the documentation and prototypes in a briefcase and fly to some highly developed country where the work of scientists is valued differently. “If ours,” one foreign businessman told me, “we would pay 250-300 thousand dollars for a certain scientific work, then we will pay yours 25 thousand dollars for it. Agree that this is better than 500 rubles.”

Until intellectual property belongs to the one who creates it, until scientists begin to receive direct benefits from it, until they make radical changes on this issue in our imperfect legislation, on the progress of science and technology, on the development of scientific and technological potential, and therefore , and it is pointless to hope for an economic recovery in our country. If the situation does not change, the state may be left without modern technologies, and therefore without competitive products. So in a market economy, profit is not a disgrace, but the most important incentive for social and economic development.

BREAKING TO THE FUTURE IS STILL POSSIBLE

What can and should be done so that science, which is still preserved in our country, begins to develop and becomes a powerful factor in economic growth and improvement social sphere?

First, it is necessary, without postponing for a year, or even for half a year, to radically improve the quality of training for at least that part of students, graduate students and doctoral students who are ready to remain in domestic science.

Secondly, to concentrate the extremely limited financial resources allocated for the development of science and education on several priority areas and critical technologies, focused exclusively on boosting the domestic economy, social sphere and state needs.

Thirdly, in state research institutes and universities, to direct the main financial, personnel, information and technical resources to those projects that can give really new results, and not to scatter funds on many thousands of pseudo-fundamental scientific topics.

Fourthly, it is time to create on the basis of the best higher educational institutions federal research universities that meet the highest international standards in the field of scientific infrastructure (information, experimental equipment, modern network communications and information Technology). They will prepare first-class young specialists for work in the domestic academic and industrial science and higher education.

Fifth, it is time to make a decision at the state level to create scientific, technological and educational consortiums that will unite research universities, advanced research institutes and industrial enterprises. Their activities should be focused on scientific research, innovation and radical technological modernization. This will allow us to produce high-quality, constantly updated, competitive products.

Sixth, in the shortest possible time, by a government decision, it is necessary to entrust the Ministry of Industry and Science, the Ministry of Education, other ministries, departments and administrations of regions where there is state universities and research institutes, start developing legislative initiatives on intellectual property issues, improving patenting processes, scientific marketing, and scientific and educational management. It is necessary to legislate the possibility of a sharp (stage-by-stage) increase wages scientists, starting primarily with state scientific academies (RAS, RAMS, RAAS), state scientific and technical centers and research universities.

Finally, seventh, it is urgent to adopt a new list of critical technologies. It should contain no more than 12-15 main positions focused primarily on the interests of society. It is they that the state should formulate, involving in this work, for example, the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, Russian academy sciences and state branch academies.

Naturally, the ideas about critical technologies developed in this way, on the one hand, should be based on the fundamental achievements of modern science, and on the other hand, take into account the specifics of the country. For example, for the tiny Principality of Liechtenstein, which has a network of first-class roads and a highly developed transport service, transport technologies have not been critical for a long time. As for Russia, the country with vast territory, scattered settlements and complex climatic conditions, then for it the creation of the latest transport technologies (air, land and water) is really a decisive issue from the economic, social, defense, environmental and even geopolitical points of view, because our country can connect Europe and the Pacific region with the main highway.

Given the achievements of science, the specifics of Russia and the limited nature of its financial and other resources, we can offer a very short list of truly critical technologies that will give quick and tangible results and ensure sustainable development and growth in people's well-being.

Critical ones include:

* energy technologies: nuclear energy, including the processing of radioactive waste, and a deep modernization of traditional heat and power resources. Without this, the country may freeze out, and industry, agriculture and cities may be left without electricity;
* transport technologies. For Russia, modern cheap, reliable, ergonomic vehicles are the most important condition for social and economic development;
* information Technology. Without modern means of informatization and communication, management, development of production, science and education, even simple human communication will be simply impossible;
* biotechnological research and technology. Only their rapid development will make it possible to create a modern profitable agriculture, competitive food industries, to raise pharmacology, medicine and healthcare to the level of the requirements of the 21st century;
* environmental technologies. This is especially true for the urban economy, since up to 80% of the population lives in cities today;
* rational use of natural resources and exploration. If these technologies are not modernized, the country will be left without raw materials;
* mechanical engineering and instrument making as the basis of industry and agriculture;
* a whole range of technologies for light industry and the production of household goods, as well as for housing and road construction. Without them, it is completely meaningless to talk about the well-being and social well-being of the population.

If such recommendations are accepted and we start financing not priority areas and critical technologies in general, but only those that society really needs, then we will not only solve Russia’s current problems, but also build a springboard for jumping into the future.

EIGHT CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES THAT CAN BOOST THE ECONOMY AND WELFARE OF RUSSIANS:

3. 4.

5. Rational nature management and exploration. 6.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences A. RAKITOV.

Literature

Alferov Zh., acad. RAN. Physics on the threshold of the XXI century. - No. 3, 2000

Alferov Zh., acad. RAN. Russia cannot do without its own electronics. - No. 4, 2001

Belokoneva O. Technology of the XXI century in Russia. To be or not to be. - No. 1, 2001

Voevodin V. Supercomputers: yesterday, today, tomorrow. - No. 5, 2000

Gleba Yu., acad. NASU. Once again about biotechnology, but more about how we get out into the world. - No. 4, 2000

Paton B., President of NASU, acad. RAN. Welding and related technologies in the XXI century. - No. 6, 2000

January 25, 2006 in Arkhangelsk at the Pomor State University. M.V. Lomonosov, a round table "Resources for the development of Russian science in the 21st century" was held, organized by the Pomor branch of the National Committee "Intellectual Resources of Russia", the Arkhangelsk regional branch of the Russian Union of Young Scientists, Pomor State University. M.V. Lomonosov and the Pomor branch of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.

In work round table Oleg Kuznetsov, Co-Chairman of the National Committee "Intellectual Resources of Russia", President of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Vyacheslav Panov, Executive Secretary of the National Committee "Intellectual Resources of Russia", Mikhail Sitkin, Deputy Head of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region for Social Affairs, Rector of Pomor State University named after M. M.V. Lomonosov Vladimir Bulatov, deputies of the Arkhangelsk Regional Assembly of Deputies, representatives of the scientific community of the Arkhangelsk Region and members of the Arkhangelsk Regional Branch of the Russian Union of Young Scientists.

The participants of the round table presented their vision of the directions and prospects for the development of Russian science, made specific proposals on reforming the education system, developing the scientific and innovative potential, emphasized the importance of working with young scientists, creating conditions for their normal scientific activity and a decent life, and preventing the "leakage of brains."

Sergey Sorokin, Chairman of the Arkhangelsk regional branch of the Russian Union of Young Scientists, made a report "Problems of young scientists and the role of public associations in their solution", in which he divided the problems of young scientists into two groups: the first, in his opinion, includes social problems (low the level of wages, the impossibility of acquiring housing, etc.), and the second is related to scientific work, with the social status of a young scientist, the demand for his work.

Touching upon the problem of "brain drain", Sergei Sorokin noted that one should speak not only about the desire of young scientists to go abroad, but also about the constant migration from the peripheral regions of Russia to its central regions, as well as the departure of young people from science to other areas of activity. .

The Chairman of the Arkhangelsk regional branch of the Russian Union of Young Scientists appealed to the heads of enterprises so that they would be more attentive to the developments of young scientists and contribute to their implementation in practice. According to Sergey Sorokin, the preservation of young people in science, the increase in the effectiveness of their work, will be facilitated by the coordinated activities of the state, on which the legal and financial support of universities with a scientific base and public associations of young scientists depends.

In Russia, the levels, trends and structure of funding for science and new technologies do not correspond to either current needs or the strategic task of overcoming the backlog from the leaders of the world economy. Russian science retains its position in terms of some results of scientific activity, in terms of its contribution to world scientific production, but the lag in the implementation of results, in the levels of technological development, in the effectiveness of state scientific and innovation policy, not only from developed countries, but also from developing countries is increasing.

The main problems of the state scientific and innovation policy of the Russian Federation are inconsistency, inability to formulate and implement scientific and innovation priorities. Reduction of public funding of science to the level of small countries Western Europe did not lead to an increase in the efficiency of public spending, to progressive shifts in the structure of priorities. The reserve for optimizing the use of budgetary funds for solving the most important current problems of the economy and society, creating groundwork for the future has not been used. As a result, the repeated lag behind the leading countries in the scale of research and development in the most important areas, in the real provision of Russia's declared state priorities has deepened over the past 10-15 years and may persist in the future.

Innovative activities based on the implementation of major scientific and technical projects have not become a priority for the development of Russian private sector companies. Fragmentary data on the nature and scale of innovation activity in the fuel and energy complex and mechanical engineering suggest that, for the time being, the importance of the innovation component in the functioning of the most important component of our economy remains rather low. The same can be said about the Russian automotive industry as a whole: it is in a difficult position and has long lagged behind the global leaders in terms of innovative renewal.

Large companies that are leaders in the Russian commodity sector have relatively recently begun to form innovative strategies, while only a few are positioned as strategic innovators. Of the entire spectrum of raw materials industries, metallurgy is the most technologically advanced industry, which is characterized by a high level of processing of primary raw materials, the presence of several companies that are actively leading. The result of this was: the positive dynamics of the technological structure, consistently high investment activity, and the growth of global competitiveness.

Russian aircraft manufacturing companies are in a difficult economic situation, which is associated both with the tightening of global competition in this area, and with inconsistency and inconsistency public policy. As a result, this branch of traditional Russian haitsk is on the verge of losing the unique scientific, technical and innovative potential, and a small number of international cooperation projects do not yet provide a reliable basis for the revival of national producers.

Among the branches of the new economy in Russia, telecommunications companies are leading. A feature of the innovative model of these companies is the widespread introduction of advanced foreign network technologies, the localization of foreign technological solutions, and the active promotion of new services and products on the market. Few companies form innovative strategies associated with the stake on the independent development of new technologies, purposefully pursue a course towards the construction, formation and implementation of innovative strategies. In order to increase the knowledge intensity of products and thereby make the companies of the new economy in the full sense of the high-tech, purposeful systematic work with innovations is necessary, including intellectual property management, interaction with state funds for R&D and innovation support, development of methods and formation of procedures for assessing innovative potential, creation and support for venture funds and other innovation infrastructure - technology parks, ITC, business incubators.

One of the main sources of innovation generation - small innovative business - today in Russia is in unfavorable conditions. The number of newly created small innovative companies is decreasing every year, and the level of technologies they promote is becoming less competitive. Most successful small and medium innovative enterprises were created in the early 1990s, i.e. based on the scientific potential of the USSR.

Prospects for the development of science in Russia

In the context of global development and taking into account the possibilities of state policy and the business sector to adapt science and innovation to global trends, the situation in the field of high technologies in Russia in the future until 2015-2020. for Russia, it can develop according to at least four options.

The continuation of current trends of low actual priority of scientific and innovative activities in the general priorities of the state and the private sector will lead to the gradual degradation of research teams in a wide range of fundamental and applied research, including those that form a new technological order. This may mean the final consolidation of the status of a fuel and raw material appendage of the world post-industrial core for Russia, with a gradual loss of the long-term foundations of competitiveness of technologically complex industries of the fourth technological order (aircraft and rocket building, nuclear industry, power engineering), which form the production basis of the country's defense capability.

Income from raw material exports is increasingly being used (with active state support) to modernize the basic sectors of the manufacturing industry, transport and communications, as well as to pull up the information complex industries in the regions to the indicators of cities and leading regions. The implementation of an economic breakthrough strategy based on the technological developments of the leaders of the developed world, including through direct investment mechanisms of knowledge-intensive TNCs, can provide significant savings in time and money, but requires high level validity and flexibility economic policy built taking into account long-term trends in world development.

A moderately optimistic scenario assumes the possibility of gradual positive dynamics in the public sector of science, subject to its effective transformation and the creation of "centers of excellence" in the breakthrough areas of the new technological order with the prospect of creating economically significant discoveries and innovations in the second half of the forecast period. This scenario also includes the possibility of a number of large Russian companies, including fuel and energy companies, switching to an innovative path of development, to which fierce competition in world markets is pushing them, increasingly associated with the possession of scientific and technical knowledge, the quality of human capital and the implementation organizational and managerial innovations. The combination of these trends in the public and private sectors would make it possible to carry out a deep technological modernization of the production apparatus of the extractive and processing industries, the service sector, and housing and communal services, relying on national producers. This option requires a sharp activation and improvement of the effectiveness of the state scientific and innovation policy.

The optimistic, but the least realistic option, along with the solution of the above tasks, suggests the possibility of creating a powerful core of economically viable high-tech industries of the fourth and fifth technological modes and turning Russia into a major manufacturer and exporter of high-tech products on this basis.

In all cases, the autarkic development of any science-intensive industries is impossible, without being tied to the global market, but full-fledged full-scale integration of Russian manufacturers into the world haitsk market is unlikely. At best, they will retain and strengthen their "niche advantages" on the basis of international cooperation and meet the needs of the country's domestic market in high-tech products. One way or another, Russia most likely will not be able to oppose the US, EU countries, Japan and China with a full range of industries of mass competitive production of technologically complex goods and services.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Federal Agency for Education

Essay

on the topic: "The development of science in modern Russia"

Arkhangelsk 2013

ABOUTheading

Introduction

1. The state of science in Russia today

2. The main problems of Russia's lagging behind in the scientific and technical sphere and ways to solve them

3. Strategies for innovative development. Critical Technologies

4. State support for science

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The destroyed scientific and technological potential, the one that our country had in the days of the USSR, cannot be restored, and it is not necessary. The main task today is to create in Russia a new, powerful scientific and technological potential at an accelerated pace, and for this it is necessary to know exactly the true state of affairs in science and higher education.

The problem of identifying priority areas of science and technology in Russia has become particularly relevant due to the reduction in budget funding for this area. Great interest in this issue is not accidental, given the ever-increasing role of science and high technology in the development of society in modern conditions and the price that society is forced to pay, one way or another, in any case - both for the development of new technological achievements, and for refusing to use them.

Scientific and technical policy is an integral part of the innovation policy and involves the choice of priority areas in the development of science and technology and all kinds of state support in their development.

In the reformed Russian economy, it is extremely important to develop and implement an industrial policy that ensures such structural transformations of the country's national economy that will allow it to form a highly efficient industrial complex that produces competitive world-class products. Innovation is at the center of structural change, as a well-functioning economy must continuously replace obsolete technologies with more advanced ones. Moreover, without an innovative rise, renewal of fixed capital, it is impossible to get out of the economic crisis. This is also confirmed by the experience of industrialized countries, whose economic growth is 90% ensured by the introduction of new knowledge and technologies into the industry. The backlog in the field of biotechnology, microelectronics, information and communication technologies on the threshold of the XXI century. practically closes the prospects for the formation of a competitive economy.

In a market economy, the state is not able to force enterprises to innovate, but it can create favorable conditions for this and especially support certain areas of the country's scientific and technological development with the help of targeted and limited measures of influence.

1. The state of science in Russia today

The national interests of Russia require decisive action to form and implement Russia's own industrial and innovation policy that meets the new economic and socio-political realities and ensures a large-scale inflow of capital for the modernization of production. However, the crisis of production deprives the state of the necessary resources for the accelerated renewal of production. As a result, investments in structural adjustment, in the development of the sphere of innovations are declining every year. Attempts to carry out structural transformations before the formation of market relations and institutions, as well as hopes only for market mechanisms, turned out to be untenable.

The field of science or research and development (R&D) includes a large number of institutions, including research organizations and divisions (mainly research institutes - research institutes), design organizations (design bureaus - design bureaus), experimental production and test sites.

In modern society, the role of science is very great, since it is this industry that ensures the development of scientific and technological progress and the introduction of its achievements into the economy and everyday life. At the same time, R&D requires large financial and material costs, as well as very high qualifications of workers. Therefore, on a significant scale, it is represented only in the most developed countries of the world.

All over the world, at least, so the majority thinks, science is done by young people. Our scientific staff is rapidly aging. In 2000, the average age of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences was over 70 years. This can still be understood - great experience and great achievements in science are not given immediately. But the fact that the average age of PhDs is 61 and candidates 52 is alarming. If the situation does not change, then by about 2016 the average age of researchers will reach 59 years. For Russian men, this is not only the last year before retirement, but also its average duration. Such a picture is emerging in the system of the Academy of Sciences. In universities and branch research institutes on a nationwide scale, the age of doctors of science is 57-59 years, and candidates - 51-52 years. So in 10-15 years science may disappear from us.

There is an opinion that, despite all the difficulties and losses, aging and outflow of personnel from science, we still retain the scientific and intellectual potential that allows Russia to remain among the leading powers of the world, and our scientific and technological developments are still attractive to foreign and domestic investors, however, investments are scanty.

In fact, in order for our products to win the domestic and foreign markets, they must qualitatively surpass the products of competitors. But the quality of products directly depends on technology, and modern, especially high technologies (they are the most profitable) - on the level of scientific research and technological development. In turn, their quality is the higher, the higher the qualifications of scientists and engineers, and its level depends on the entire education system, especially higher education.

If we talk about the scientific and technological potential, then this concept includes not only scientists. Its components are also the instrumentation and experimental park, access to information and its completeness, the system for managing and supporting science, as well as the entire infrastructure that ensures the advanced development of science and the information sector. Without them, neither technology nor the economy simply can work.

In the USSR, much attention was paid to the development of R&D. By the 1990s, about 2 million researchers worked in the industry (including more than 1 million in the territory of modern Russia), which is more than in any other country in the world. Research and development was carried out in almost all areas. But at the same time, military developments, which made it possible to maintain parity with the United States in the production of the latest weapons, enjoyed a huge priority ( nuclear weapon, rocketry), and fundamental research in the relevant natural sciences- physics, chemistry and exact science - mathematics. In these directions Soviet Union took the lead in the world. But the social and human sciences lagged far behind the world level. The existing achievements of military science were slowly introduced into the civilian sectors of the economy, as they were strictly classified.

More than 3/4 of the scientific research and development of the USSR was carried out on the territory of modern Russia. As in many countries of the world, science consisted of three sectors - academic, university and industrial. The industry sector was the most developed, in which research institutes and design bureaus of the military-industrial complex were mainly represented. They were concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, since the relevant departments were located here and the most qualified personnel were located, but there were also many others. major cities countries. The sectoral sector of the R&D sphere was mainly engaged in applied research and the implementation of their results in the economy. In the academic sector, research of a fundamental nature was mainly concentrated, including in social and humanitarian disciplines. Academic research institutes were concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but departments and scientific centers Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, etc.). University science was engaged in both fundamental and applied research, but they often had an auxiliary character in the organization educational process. Large independent studies were carried out only in the leading universities of the country, located mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Overall, it was the least significant R&D sector.

Virtually all funding for science in Soviet period came from the state budget. In the context of the socio-economic crisis of the 1990s, it dropped sharply. This has led to a significant reduction in the amount of research and development carried out. In many organizations, especially in the industrial and university sectors, they have actually ceased. The number of researchers in the country decreased by 2002 to 420 thousand people, which is more than 2 times compared to 1990. Similarly, the total number of people employed in the field of R&D decreased from 2.8 million to 1.2 million people . Workers in the scientific sphere began en masse to move to work in new, "commercial" industries: trade, credit and financial activities, etc. Many qualified specialists left to work in other countries. In a particularly bad situation were research and design institutions and units located outside the capital regions of the country. They were not able to compete with the leading metropolitan organizations in the implementation of nationwide scientific programs. At the same time, effective demand for the results of research and development in the field is almost absent. As a result, by the beginning of the XXI century. there was an even greater territorial concentration of research and development. About 50% of their volume in Russia currently falls on Moscow and the Moscow Region, and about 10% more - on St. Petersburg.

The determining factor in the current state of science is the budget crisis, as a result of which the financing of science is carried out at an extremely low level. It's no secret that a country that allows itself to spend less than 0.5% of GDP on science, in the XXI century. has no prospects for successful competition with economically and technologically developed countries. In Russia, over the past five years, the share of spending on science in GDP did not exceed 0.5%, while in industrialized countries such as the USA, Germany, and Japan, this figure ranged from 2.8% to 3% of GDP. In terms of expenditures on science today, Russia is closer to individual, not very rich countries in Africa.

The reduction in funding led to a sharp drop in the number of people employed in the scientific and technical sphere. The situation is developing dramatically in the most advanced part of the scientific and technical sphere of Russia - the scientific and technical complex of the military-industrial complex, where, as a result of the collapse of the research potential, almost a third of its total volume was lost.

The reduction and devaluation of one's own scientific and technical potential in the conditions of modern international competition means undermining the foundations of economic growth from domestic sources and dooming the country to a permanent lag.

The collapse of the scientific and technical sphere led to a decrease in the effectiveness of research and a sharp slowdown in the pace of scientific and technological development of the country. The volume of national patenting has significantly decreased, not to mention the patenting of domestic inventions abroad.

Rospatent has no money today. Help comes from abroad. International foundations are ready to support Rospatent, but in exchange they ask for information, so for several years now our technologies, developments, and know-how have officially gone abroad.

The rate of decommissioning of obsolete machines, structures and technologies has slowed down. For this reason, in most Russian enterprises, high-level innovative activity aimed at fundamental improvements does not make sense. For them, the only suitable type of innovation is the replacement of fixed assets. Moreover, the time when investments are still possible is running out very quickly - along with the destruction of the personnel potential of enterprises. This circumstance condemns a number of sectors of the Russian economy to growing technological and financial dependence on foreign countries.

The status of the scientific complex in the Russian economy does not correspond to the trends in the global economic system. To change the situation requires a concerted effort on the part of government agencies and all business entities. Moreover, efforts should be aimed at changing not only the level of remuneration of scientists and its equipment, but also the prevailing public consciousness. It is necessary to form a social order for the scientific complex, which would ensure the correspondence between science, the innovation sphere and the structural reorganization of the economy and the requirements dictated by modern civilization. In this regard, Russia faces the most urgent task of developing an appropriate strategy for scientific, technological and innovative development, which would be based on the existing scientific and technical potential and would be aimed at promoting structural changes in the Russian economy that increase its competitiveness.

2. The main problems of Russia's lagging behind in the scientific and technical sphere and ways to solve them

One of these problems is the incompleteness of most technologies and products brought to the market, i. not bringing them - due to lack of funds - to a state where they can be claimed by consumers. This dramatically reduces the value of the proposed technologies (or products) in the eyes of potential partners.

Trade in technology and high-tech products can play a huge role in the revival of our country. Russian research institutes and design bureaus have accumulated a lot of developments that have not been brought to the stage of a finished product. The use of this potential is traditionally associated with the solution of the "implementation problem". For decades, our scientists and engineers have been encouraged to implement their developments. World management experience shows that this strategy (technology push), as a rule, is very ineffective. The most successful TNCs use the opposite model (market pull), which is characterized by putting the needs of the market at the forefront. It is this strategy that should be used in managing the selection of technologies and products offered by Russian research institutes and design bureaus to finance the final stages of commercialization.

It would be expedient to create the State Innovation Fund, which would finance the final stages of development and industrial development of technologies and products on a reimbursable basis. Reimbursement mechanisms may vary. One possible solution is for the fund to receive part of the rights to the technology. With its industrial development, partners would be given the right to buy out the fund's share either at the market price or according to the formula: the amount of the loan received from the fund, plus the latter's expected rate of return on investment.

A serious issue is the allocation of those unfinished technologies or products that should be supported. Many experts believe that technologies that will have a decisive impact on the life of mankind in the first half of the 21st century already exist today in the form of laboratory developments. Of course, it is incredibly difficult to single them out. However, from a short-term perspective, it seems quite justified to provide financial support for those technologies that best meet the needs of the market. World experience shows that when the volume of the potential market is large enough, innovations are mastered faster. The latter can become new "locomotives" of economic development, which in last third 20th century became computerization and telecommunications. A broad discussion of scientists, politicians, businessmen and international experts could play a big role in highlighting the most "fruitful opening ideas".

One of the strategic mistakes still clichéd by Russian science and technology authorities is that they continue to approach it as an area where centralized administrative methods should dominate. Again, attempts are being made to create a system of control over the use of scientific and technical reserves, patents, licenses.

Meanwhile, in the United States back in 1981, the state's monopoly on the ownership of patents and know-how developed with budget funds was abolished. In order to increase the efficiency of using the accumulated potential, it was decided to transfer all rights for the commercial use of developments to those organizations where the relevant R&D was carried out. The state has created an infrastructure that facilitates such commercialization and at the same time protects the rights of developers.

Another problem of Russia's lagging behind in the scientific and technical field is the ignorance by Russian firms of the laws of "promoting" technological innovations, bringing them to the market. This is due primarily to the fact that in pre-reform times, large-scale development of innovations was carried out by decision of the central authorities. government controlled on already operating giants of the industry.

In market conditions, the mechanism for mastering innovations is inextricably linked with small innovative businesses, which are characterized by high risk, but also high returns in case of success. In developed economies, there is a special sector of the national economy that provides the necessary conditions (infrastructure) for the development of small innovative businesses. This refers to scientific and technical incubators, a network of risk financing funds (venture funds), special financial mechanisms to support firms at the stage of their rapid growth, certified appraisers of firms, etc.

You can radically change the situation by:

Development of a special law to support small innovative firms;

Implementation of measures to support innovation incubators, in which, along with the federal authorities, the administrations of the constituent entities of the Federation should take an active part;

Changes in banking legislation that would allow banks to form risk financing funds to support innovative activities (current legislation and instructions of the Central Bank of Russia prohibit banks from issuing high-risk loans without providing guaranteed collateral).

The lack of effective demand for advanced technologies and industrial innovations in the domestic market also hinders the development of science and technology policy in Russia. Science and scientific and technical activity belong to the service sector, and these services must be in demand by the market. Unfortunately, the domestic market for scientific services and science-intensive products is currently very small. Most businesses cannot afford to "buy" science services.

The structure of R&D expenditures is dominated by the state (65% in 2008), and therefore the decline in funding is explained primarily by the "savings" of the state on science. The hopes that private business would be actively involved in this financing did not come true: in the conditions of low competition in the domestic market and great opportunities for rent use (from a monopoly and oligopolistic position, ties with the state apparatus, etc.), Russian private business has little interest in conducting R&D. Another reason for the relative decline in R&D spending is the sharp decline in military spending compared to Soviet times, including military research and development, which made up the bulk of Soviet R&D, and civilian science and Soviet time was not up to par in many areas.

The measures taken by the state in the field of science in recent years were aimed mainly at protecting the interests of producers of a scientific product, maintaining the structure and organizations operating in this area, and not at developing the market for scientific services. A certain contradiction can be traced in such a policy, since it makes no sense to protect a manufacturer who has no incentive for production, no customer. It seems that the policy of the state would be much more effective if it were aimed at creating effective demand for science services.

Therefore, on the one hand, there is nothing wrong with the fact that scientific organizations "sell" their services abroad. On the other hand, to preserve high-quality science in the country, reliable "internal" consumers of its services are needed.

Today, GAZprom, Lukoil, RAO UES, Aeroflot, VAZ, GAZ, Minatom and other leaders of the Russian economy could become buyers of science services. However, they need to create appropriate incentives, for example, in the form of income tax exemption for funds allocated to support domestic science. The state can also create a number of first-class consumers of science services by helping firms buy research and development through targeted funding in this area. It seems useful to create a system of specialized funds that use budget money to issue targeted loans or grants firms to finance R&D.

To eliminate possible abuses and ensure the quality of work of recipients of public money, it is necessary to certify, for example, the Ministry of Science. Such schemes are quite well developed in practice. One of them is used by the World Bank, participating in the program of restructuring Russian enterprises.

The creation of a system of such funds for sectors of the national economy (medicine, agriculture, energy, environmental protection, etc.) could, firstly, bring science financing mechanisms closer to the market, and secondly, decentralize decision-making on financing developments . To a certain extent, they would become the market counterpart to the sectoral R&D funding that existed before.

3. Strategies for innovative development. Critical Technologies

The "transfer" strategy consists in using foreign scientific and technical potential and transferring innovations to their own economy. It was carried out, for example, by Japan in post-war period when in the USA, England, France, Russia it purchased licenses for highly efficient technologies for mastering the production of the latest products that were in demand abroad, with the subsequent creation of its own potential, which later provided the entire innovation cycle - from fundamental research and development to the implementation of their results domestically and in the global market. As a result, the export of Japanese technology exceeded imports, and the country, along with some others, has advanced fundamental science.

The "borrowing" strategy is that, having cheap labor and using part of the lost own scientific and technical potential, they master the production of products that were previously produced in developed countries with a subsequent increase in their own engineering and technical support for production. Further, it becomes possible to carry out their research and development work, combining state and market forms of ownership. This strategy has been adopted in China and a number of countries in Southeast Asia. A classic example is the creation of a competitive automotive industry, high-performance computing and consumer electronics in the Republic of Korea.

The USA, Britain, the FRG, and France adhere to the "build-up" strategies. It lies in the fact that, using its own scientific and technical potential, attracting foreign scientists and designers, integrating fundamental and applied science, a new product, high technologies are constantly being created, implemented in production and the social sphere, i.e. innovation is on the rise.

Russia must choose a strategy that would rely on the available intellectual potential and scientific and technical resources. Ways to transform fundamental science are more or less obvious. This is a forced narrowing of the front of work and the concentration of available funds in priority areas, the internationalization of research and the comprehensive development of competitive principles. The situation is more complicated with the choice of a strategy for enhancing technological innovation, i.e. applied research on a commercial basis, which become part of the normal market economy. The strategy of "transfer" is not feasible here, since the acquisition of licenses requires significant financial costs. In addition, a country with significant scientific, technical and industrial potential will not be sold licenses to create high-performance products or high technologies. Such a strategy can lead to complete dependence on highly developed countries, loss of national security.

Obviously, it is expedient for Russia to use elements of the "borrowing" strategy, in which joint ventures are organized to produce competitive products and sell them in the domestic and foreign markets using economic niches where a foreign partner already sells such products. Such processes are observed in the joint (or commissioned by individual Western firms) production of elements of electronic equipment, assembly of complex household appliances. These enterprises can support productive capacity, provide employment and develop their own innovative projects. A large role will be played by small innovative enterprises, one of the advantages of which is their functioning in large industries for the rapid readjustment of technologies for the production of products required by the main production.

In relation to breakthrough areas, such as space, aviation, nuclear energy, and the production of certain types of machine-building products, it is possible to implement a "build-up" strategy. In conditions of limited financial resources, it should be based on a limited range of highly effective innovative projects that implement the accumulated backlog. This refers to priority scientific and technical areas and critical technologies, the implementation period of which is 2-5 years. This requires state orders issued on a competitive basis and with guaranteed state funding, as well as equity participation of private investors.

It should be noted that the market elements of the innovation sphere in Russia already exist: private enterprises have appeared, large privatized industries have freed themselves from state tutelage in the distribution of profits, there is a scientific and technical potential that has been created over decades, the state participates in supporting priority projects, a system of competitions and investment funds has been formed for financing of innovation - nevertheless, the innovation mechanism does not work. Resources and opportunities exist on their own, in isolation from the structural transformations of the economy, and the latter practically do not increase the efficiency of production, i.e. do not fulfill the task for which economic reforms began. Therefore, innovation policy should be aimed at a systematic approach to the cycles of "STP - innovation - reproduction" and ensure the integration of all elements of the innovation process into a single mechanism capable of not only absorbing resources, but producing successful results as a result. completed projects, and not only in single copies, but also in series.

The concept of "critical technologies" first appeared in America. This was the name of the list of technological areas and developments that were primarily supported by the US government in the interests of economic and military superiority. They were selected on the basis of an extremely thorough, complex and multi-stage procedure, which included the examination of each item on the list by financiers and professional scientists, politicians, businessmen, analysts, representatives of the Pentagon and the CIA, congressmen and senators.

A few years ago, the Russian government also approved a list of critical technologies prepared by the Ministry of Science and Technology Policy (in 2000 it was renamed the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology) of more than 70 main headings, each of which included several specific technologies. Their total number exceeded 250. This is much more than, for example, in England - a country with a very high scientific potential. Neither in terms of funds, nor in terms of personnel, nor in terms of equipment, Russia could create and implement such a number of technologies. Three years ago, the same ministry prepared a new list of critical technologies, including 52 headings (still, by the way, not approved by the government), but we cannot afford it either.

4. Gstate support for science

The need for government intervention in the process of introducing innovations is explained by the duration of the scientific and production cycle, high costs and the uncertainty of the final result. The market cannot solve the problem of long-term risky investments. These functions should be assumed by the state. Innovations can generate dynamic effects that affect different areas of knowledge.

One of the priority steps that the state should take on the way to a radical change in the situation in the scientific and technical field is to exclude the possibility of implementing global, but ineffective programs. Scientific and technical programs should focus primarily on the commercial use of developments, while the state should support only those projects that bring a significant commercial effect. Expected results should be assessed not by project authors, but by independent economic centers or banks, taking into account possible sales markets, categories of potential consumers, the scale of necessary investments, etc. research science technical

In some cases, to overcome market inertia and share the potential risks associated with the initial stages of the introduction of new technologies, the state could partially finance or act as a guarantor of commercial financing for demonstration projects of new developments.

Perhaps no country can afford to support R&D across the entire spectrum of science and technology. Therefore, it is so important to correctly identify the priorities of scientific and technological development and to concentrate budget funds on certain areas, which ultimately contributes to the increase in the ISN. Japan has achieved the greatest success in this: using the levers of state influence, the Ministry of Industry and Foreign Relations coordinates the actions of individual firms, creates conditions for the formation of consortiums, joint ventures, etc.

An analysis of global trends in this area shows that the most significant effect is not provided by protectionism and the protection of national firms, but by rationally organized competition within the country and proper interaction with external partners. At the same time, the most "advanced" countries benefit greatly from a well-established partnership between the government and the private sector of the economy.

Zconclusion

What can and should be done so that science, which is still preserved in our country, begins to develop and becomes a powerful factor in economic growth and improvement of the social sphere?

First, it is necessary, without postponing for a year, or even for half a year, to radically improve the quality of training for at least that part of students, graduate students and doctoral students who are ready to remain in domestic science.

Secondly, to concentrate the extremely limited financial resources allocated for the development of science and education on several priority areas and critical technologies, focused exclusively on boosting the domestic economy, social sphere and state needs.

Thirdly, in state research institutes and universities, to direct the main financial, personnel, information and technical resources to those projects that can give really new results, and not to scatter funds on many thousands of pseudo-fundamental scientific topics.

Fourth, it is time to create federal research universities on the basis of the best higher educational institutions that meet the highest international standards in the field of scientific infrastructure (information, experimental equipment, modern network communications and information technologies). They will prepare first-class young specialists for work in the domestic academic and industrial science and higher education.

Fifth, it is time to make a decision at the state level to create scientific, technological and educational consortiums that will unite research universities, advanced research institutes and industrial enterprises. Their activities should be focused on scientific research, innovation and radical technological modernization. This will allow us to produce high-quality, constantly updated, competitive products.

Sixth, in the shortest possible time, by a government decision, it is necessary to instruct the Ministry of Industry and Science, the Ministry of Education, other ministries, departments and administrations of regions where there are state universities and research institutes to start developing legislative initiatives on intellectual property issues, improving patenting processes, scientific marketing, scientific educational management. It is necessary to legislate the possibility of a sharp increase in the salaries of scientists, starting primarily with state scientific academies (RAS, RAMS, RAAS), state scientific and technical centers and research universities.

Finally, seventh, it is urgent to adopt a new list of critical technologies. It should contain no more than 12-15 main positions focused primarily on the interests of society. It is they that the state should formulate, involving in this work, for example, the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Russian Academy of Sciences and state industry academies.

Naturally, the ideas about critical technologies developed in this way, on the one hand, should be based on the fundamental achievements of modern science, and on the other hand, take into account the specifics of the country. For example, for the tiny Principality of Liechtenstein, which has a network of first-class roads and a highly developed transport service, transport technologies have not been critical for a long time. As for Russia, a country with a vast territory, scattered settlements and difficult climatic conditions, for it the creation of the latest transport technologies (air, land and water) is really a decisive issue from an economic, social, defense, environmental and even geopolitical point of view, because our country can link Europe and the Pacific region with the main highway.

Given the achievements of science, the specifics of Russia and the limited nature of its financial and other resources, we can offer a very short list of truly critical technologies that will give quick and tangible results and ensure sustainable development and growth in people's well-being.

Critical ones include:

energy technologies: nuclear energy, including the processing of radioactive waste, and a deep modernization of traditional heat and power resources. Without this, the country may freeze out, and industry, agriculture and cities may be left without electricity;

transport technologies. For Russia, modern cheap, reliable, ergonomic vehicles are the most important condition for social and economic development;

information Technology. Without modern means of informatization and communication, management, development of production, science and education, even simple human communication will be simply impossible;

biotechnological research and technology. Only their rapid development will make it possible to create a modern profitable agriculture, competitive food industries, to raise pharmacology, medicine and healthcare to the level of the requirements of the 21st century;

ecological technologies. This is especially true for the urban economy, since up to 80% of the population lives in cities today;

rational environmental management and geological exploration. If these technologies are not modernized, the country will be left without raw materials;

mechanical engineering and instrument making as the basis of industry and agriculture;

a whole range of technologies for light industry and the production of household goods, as well as for housing and road construction. Without them, it is completely meaningless to talk about the well-being and social well-being of the population.

If such recommendations are accepted, and we start financing not priority areas and critical technologies in general, but only those that society really needs, then we will not only solve Russia’s current problems, but also build a springboard for jumping into the future.

WITHlist of used literature

1. Conversion in Russia: state, problems and solutions. M.: IMEPI RAN, 1996.

2. Science of Russia in numbers. 1997. M.: TsISN, 1997

3. Popov A.A., Lyndina E.N. Fundamentals of innovation management. Tutorial. Orenburg, 2004. - 129 p.

4. http://www.auditorium.ru

5. http://www.chelt.ru/2001/1/koch_1.html

6. http://nauka.relis.ru/06/0109/06109002.html

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

Subjects and objects of scientific and technical activity. Legislative regulation of science and scientific and technical policy in the Russian Federation. Higher and postgraduate system vocational education. Level of development of nanotechnologies in Russia.

abstract, added 02/18/2013


Civil law regulation of relations connected with creative activity. Agreement on the implementation of research, development and technological work. Agreement for the creation (transfer) of scientific and technical products.

term paper, added 01/23/2013


Prerequisites for the emergence of the science of agricultural (agrarian) law. Stages of development of agrarian-legal science. The subject of modern agrarian-legal scientific research. Development and implementation of innovations in the industry. Forecast of grain production in Ukraine.

abstract, added 12/08/2013


Decree of Peter I as the beginning of the academic period in the development of Russian legal science. Measures for the formation in Russia of scientific and educational institutions. The main provisions of the academic period and the problems of the development of Russian legal scientific thought.

control work, added 02/01/2016


The study of the management system for research and development in the United States. The concept of the state order for the implementation of scientific research and development. Fiscal policy, financing of the sphere and stimulation of research activity in the private sector.

article, added 11/12/2010


Features and specific features of modern Russian statehood. General, special and singular in its development. The main directions of its improvement. Causes of the weakening of state power. The political system of Russia and its features.

term paper, added 10/30/2015


Scientific research: concept, classification, stages of implementation. Financial activities of educational institutions of higher professional education. Improving the system for receiving grants. Commercialization of scientific developments of an educational institution.

thesis, added 05/17/2014


Development of ideas about the rule of law. Features and the theory of the rule of law. The development of elements of the rule of law in the history of Russia. The practice of the formation of the rule of law in modern Russia, the main problems and solutions.

term paper, added 12/20/2011


Theoretical concepts and the process of forming the concepts of state and law. The development of political and general theoretical science in European countries in the XIII-XIV centuries. Characterization of ideological, scientific and private-scientific methods of the theory of state and law.

test, added 07/27/2011


Identification of potential resources for Russian science. Share calculation educational organizations higher education federal districts RF in the total indicator of young people studying. Ways to ensure sustainable scientific and technological development of Russia.