Speaking of human needs, they mean different kinds needs which are both conscious and unconscious.

They are the source of generations of feelings, emotions, desires, aspirations and a catalyst for activity in order to satisfy them.

What it is?

What does the term "need" mean? Human survival depends on the availability of appropriate conditions and means.

If at a certain moment they are absent - this is causes a state of need.

In the end human body begins to respond to irritating factors and be active, since by nature it is programmed to preserve life and further survival.

The state of need, leading to the activity of the subject, is called need.

Not a single living being on the planet there are not as many needs as people. In order to realize them, a person is forced to act actively, as a result of which he develops and cognizes the world around him in different directions.

Satisfying a need is accompanied by positive emotions, otherwise negative ones.

Regardless of gender, nationality or position in society, every person has needs. Some of their types appear at birth, others in the course of later life.

With age, the list of needs changes. Among the primary include the need for air, water, food, sex. Secondary needs are directly related to psychology. These include the need for respect, success, recognition.

Classification

The question related to human needs has been studied by many scientists and at different times. In this regard, there are many theories and interpretations that describe the relationship between needs, needs and the process of their satisfaction in different ways.

Main types of needs:

According to Simonov

IN scientific work psychologist P. V. Simonov, the following classification is given human needs:

• For others;
• for myself.

Ideal needs, consisting in the desire to know the truth, do not contain such a division.

Since the true meaning of things and processes implies them the only form.

In the study of human needs in our time, an integrated approach and a full arsenal of scientific methods are used.

Without knowing the reliable reasons for the origin and formation of needs and the degree of their influence on brain activity, it is impossible to effectively solve the following tasks:

• prevention and treatment of mental disorders;
• prevention of antisocial and inappropriate behavior;
• right upbringing.

Concept of hierarchy

Hierarchy of needs brought psychologist Abraham Maslow. He arranged numerous needs and desires of people in a form that clearly demonstrated his scientific view on this problem. In the pyramid, Maslow placed needs as they increase.

The scientist was sure that while an individual is in dire need of primitive things, he does not think about the needs of a higher level. Maslow gave examples to prove his theory.

The individual begins to search for a social group, belonging to which could satisfy his desires and save him from loneliness.

The fourth level is associated with prestigious needs of people. These are the needs that a person satisfies as a result of his activity. These include:

Each member of society needs recognition of his abilities and talents from those around him. Human seeks self-respect and begins to believe in his own strength when he achieves certain results in life.

They are on the fifth level. Here are:

• self-identification;
• self-expression;
• self-realization;
• self-affirmation;
• self-development.

Maslow is convinced that the need for self-expression manifests itself in a person only after all lower needs are fully satisfied.

In accordance with the theory of the scientist, the individual acts in strict accordance with the hierarchy given in the pyramid. Most people do just that.

However, there are exceptions. There is a narrow group of individuals who put their ideals above everyday problems.

This includes people of science and art, striving for self-realization and development, despite deprivation and hunger. Typically, these individuals have personal hierarchy of needs by which they live.

Differences between lower and higher

What is the difference between higher and lower needs? Lower needs are associated with natural needs of the body.

The need for basic conditions for survival - food, air, water - is determined by nature itself.

What are the highest needs? higher needs go far beyond necessary for physical survival and to support the functioning of the body.

The individual's need for development, care for other people and love, self-realization is no longer just a series of important needs, but a list of values ​​that are not directly related to the needs of the body.

Objects and means of satisfaction

For physical survival and a comfortable existence, a person needs to satisfy needs. To achieve this goal, people learn different means and learn different ways to achieve what they want.

Goods are the objects and means of satisfying human needs. These are things or means that are designed to satisfy certain human needs.

In this capacity are:

• spiritual;
• intellectual,
• educational and informational.

Detection Options

How can people's needs be identified? Natural needs are most fully described by Maslow.

They characteristic of the vast majority of people. Effective method identification of needs is a thorough analysis of the characteristics and actions of a particular person:

• motive;
• dominant;
• customs;
• skills;
• tastes.

Natural needs are an integral part of human existence. It does not matter what level he is at the moment and what he needs.

If you have difficulty meeting basic needs, the individual to go down a step. And it will stay there until it fully satisfies this need.

Fundamental human needs and their satisfaction:

Topic: Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

Kadyrova R.K.

Questions:

The concept of needs.

Various theories and classifications of needs.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow.

Description of basic human needs.

Basic needs for daily human activities.

Conditions and factors influencing the way and efficiency of satisfaction of needs.

Possible reasons for the need for care (illness, injury, age).

The role of the nurse in restoring and maintaining the independence of the patient in meeting his basic needs

The role of the nurse in improving the lifestyle of the patient and his family.

The concept of needs

The normal life of a person, as a social being, representing a holistic, dynamic, self-regulating biological system is provided by a combination of biological, psychosocial and spiritual needs. Satisfaction of these needs determines the growth, development, harmony of man with the environment.

Human life depends on many factors that are ordered in time and space and are supported by the life support systems of the human body in the environment.

Need- this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person, which he experiences in the attraction of his whole life. (MANGO Glossary, edited by G.I. Perfilieva).

Basic theories and classifications of needs

The authors of the need-information theory, which explains the causes and driving forces of human behavior, are Russian scientists Simonov and Ershov. The essence of the theory is that needs are motivated by the conditions of the organism's existence in a constantly changing environment.

The transition of a need into deeds and actions is accompanied by emotions.

Emotions are indicators of needs. They can be positive and negative to the satisfaction of needs. Simonov and Ershov divided all needs into three groups:

Group - vital (The need to live and provide for one's life).

group - social (the need to take a certain place in society)

group - cognitive (the need to know the external and internal world).

The American psychophysiologist A. Maslow, of Russian origin, identified 14 basic human needs in 1943 and arranged them according to five steps (see diagram)

Physiological needs are the lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, the need for self-defense.

Security needs - the desire for material security, health, provision for old age, etc.

Social needs - the satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to describe. One person is satisfied with very few contacts with other people, in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.

The need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity, is here in question about respect, prestige, social success. It is unlikely that these needs are met by an individual, this requires groups.

V. The need for personal development, for the realization of oneself, self-realization, self-actualization, in understanding one's purpose in the world.

Hierarchy of needs (development stages) according to a. Maslow. Essence of needs theory a. Maslow. Characteristics of basic human needs

Life, health, happiness, of a person depends on the satisfaction of needs for food, air, sleep, etc. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life. They are provided by the function of various organs and systems of the body. A disease that causes a dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs, leads to discomfort.

In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed one of the theories of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some human needs are more essential than others. This allowed them to be classified according to a hierarchical system; from physiological to self-expression needs.

Currently, in countries with a high level of social - economic development, where the priorities in meeting basic needs have changed significantly, it is not so popular. For our conditions today, this theory remains popular.

In order to live, a person needs to satisfy the physiological needs for air, food, water, sleep, excretion of waste products, the ability to move, communicate, with others, feel touch and satisfy their sexual interests.

Oxygen requirement- normal breathing, one of the basic physiological needs of a person. Breath and life are inseparable concepts.

With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and superficial, shortness of breath appears cough. A prolonged decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the tissues leads to cyanosis, the skin and visible mucous membranes become bluish. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the healthcare worker. A person, satisfying this need, maintains the gas composition of the blood necessary for life.

NeedV food is also essential for maintaining health and well-being. Rational and adequate nutrition helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by regular consumption of foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol. A diet high in grains and fiber may reduce the risk of colon cancer. The high protein content of food promotes wound healing.

The health worker must educate the patient and give advice on rational and adequate nutrition to meet the person's need for food.

Restrict: the use of egg yolks, sugar, sugary foods, salt, alcoholic beverages.

Food is better to cook, bake, but not fry.

It must be remembered that an unmet need for food leads to a violation of health.

Fluid requirement- this is drinking liquids, 1.5-2 liters daily - water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, fruits, vegetables. This amount makes up for losses in the form of excretions of urine, feces, sweat, fumes during breathing. In order to maintain the water balance, a person must consume more fluids than he excretes, otherwise there are signs of dehydration, but not more than 2 liters, so as not to cause dysfunction of many organs and systems. The patient's ability to avoid many complications depends on the ability of the nurse to anticipate the danger of dehydration or the formation of edema.

The need to excrete waste products. The undigested part of the food is excreted from the body in the form of urine, feces. Selection modes are individual for each person. Satisfaction of other needs may be delayed, but excretion of waste products cannot be delayed for a long time. Many patients find the process of excretion of waste products intimate and prefer not to discuss these issues. When satisfying a violated need, the nurse must provide him with the opportunity for privacy, respect the patient's right to confidentiality,

Need for sleep and rest- with lack of sleep, the level of glucose in the blood decreases, the nutrition of the brain deteriorates and thought processes slow down; attention is scattered, short-term memory worsens. Studies conducted by American experts show that in a person who did not sleep half the night, the number of blood cells responsible for phagocytosis is halved. Sleep is more necessary for a free person, because it helps to improve his well-being. Despite the fact that a person's susceptibility to external stimuli during sleep is reduced, this is a fairly active state. As a result of research, several stages of sleep have been identified.

Stage 1- slow sleep. Light sleep and last only a few minutes. At this stage, there is a decline in the physiological activity of organisms, a gradual decrease in the activity of vital organs, metabolism. A person can be easily awakened, but if the dream is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.

Stage 2– slow sleep. Light sleep, lasts 10-20 minutes. Vital functions continue to weaken, complete relaxation sets in. It's hard to wake someone up.

Stage 3– slow sleep. The deepest stage of sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, is difficult to wake the sleeper. Continued weakening of vital functions,

Stage 4– slow sleep. Deep sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, is very difficult to wake the sleeper. During this phase, the restoration of physical strength occurs. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Stage 4 is followed by stages 3 and 2, after which the sleeper enters stage 5 sleep.

Stage 5- fast sleep. Bright, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after the first stage. There are rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate and breathing, and increases or fluctuations in blood pressure. Decreased skeletal muscle tone. During this phase, the mental functions of a person are restored, it is very difficult to wake the sleeping person. The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.

After stage 5 sleep for a short time comes 4, 3, 2nd, then again the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages, i.e. the next sleep cycle.

Several factors can influence a person's sleep; physical ailment, drugs and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and exercise. Any disease that is accompanied by pain, physical discomfort, anxiety and depression leads to sleep disturbance. The nurse should acquaint the patient with the effect of prescribed drugs and their effect on sleep.

Rest- a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only lying on the couch, but also during a long walk, reading books or when performing special relaxing exercises. Loud noises, bright lights, and the presence of other people in a health care facility can make it difficult to relax.

The need for rest and sleep for human life, knowledge of its stages and possible causes that cause a violation of the usual functions of the human body, will enable the nurse to help the patient and satisfy his need for sleep with the means available to her.

Need in movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. This condition can be long or short, temporary or permanent. It can be caused by trauma followed by splinting, limb traction with the use of special devices. Pain in the presence of chronic diseases, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident.

Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of bedsores, impaired function of the musculoskeletal system, the functioning of the heart and lungs. With prolonged immobility, there are changes in the digestive system, dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation. Intensive straining during the act of defecation, to which the patient must resort, can lead to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest. Immobility, especially when lying down, interferes with urination and can lead to bladder infections, bladder stones, and kidney stones.

And the main problem of the patient, he cannot communicate with environment which has a significant impact on the formation of a person's personality. Depending on the degree and duration of the state of immobility, the patient may develop certain problems in the psychosocial sphere, the ability to learn, motivation, feelings and emotions change.

Nursing care aimed at the maximum possible restoration of mobility, independence when moving using crutches, sticks, prostheses, is of great importance for improving the patient's quality of life.

Sexual need. It does not stop even with illness or old age.

The sexual health of a person can be directly or indirectly affected by his disease, developmental defects. Nevertheless, many people are reluctant to talk about this topic even in the presence of serious sexual problems.

Solving actual or potential sexual problems can help the patient achieve harmony in all aspects of health.

It is necessary when talking with a patient:

develop a solid scientific basis for understanding healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;

understand how a person's sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs affect sexuality;

learn to identify problems that are beyond the competence of nursing, and recommend to the patient the help of an appropriate specialist.

The need for security. For most people, safety means reliability and convenience. Each of us needs shelter, clothing and someone who can help. The patient feels safe if the bed, wheelchair, wheelchair are fixed, the floor covering in the ward and in the corridor is dry and there are no foreign objects on it, the room is sufficiently lit at night; with poor eyesight, there are glasses. The person is dressed according to the weather, and the dwelling is warm enough, and if necessary, assistance will be provided to him. The patient must be sure that he is able not only to ensure his own safety, but also not to harm others. Avoid stressful situations.

Social needs- these are the needs for family, friends, their communication, approval, affection, love, etc.

People want to be loved and understood. Nobody wants to be abandoned, unloved and lonely. If this happened, it means that the social needs of a person are not satisfied.

With severe illness, incapacity for work or in old age often arises vacuum, social contacts are broken. Unfortunately, in such cases, the need for communication is not satisfied, especially in the elderly, and lonely people. One should always keep in mind the social needs of a person, even in cases where he prefers not to talk about it.

Helping a patient to solve a social problem can significantly improve his quality of life.

The need for self-respect and respect. Communicating with people, we cannot be indifferent to the assessment of our success by others.

A person has a need for respect and self-respect. But for this it is necessary that work bring satisfaction to him, and rest be rich and interesting, the higher the level of socio-economic development of society, the more fully the needs for self-esteem are satisfied. Disabled and elderly patients lose this feeling, since they are no longer of interest to anyone, there is no one to rejoice in their success, and therefore they have no opportunity to satisfy their need for respect.

The need for self-expression- This highest level human needs. Satisfying their need for self-expression, each believes that he is doing better than others. For one, self-expression is writing a book, for another it is growing a garden, for a third it is raising children, and so on.

So, at each level of the hierarchy, the patient may have one or more unmet needs, the nurse, when drawing up a plan for caring for the patient, must help him realize at least some of them.

Basic human needs - stability and comfort

I have already mentioned in my articles about human needs and the importance of recognizing them, both in ourselves and in the people with whom we are in contact. This will give us the opportunity to better understand our own goals, and we will also learn to understand the behavior and actions of other people.

Let's try to understand the needs of a person in more detail. Everything we do in life, all our actions and deeds are aimed at satisfying some of our needs.

Stability and comfort

Consider physiological needs. Everything that we need to physically survive has gathered here. We cannot survive without food, without water, without a roof over our heads, without rest, without sleep; we need health, sex drive, and so on. Every person, whoever he is, a homeless person or a millionaire, has the same needs for survival. The presence of money creates only greater comfort of living. But both the homeless and the millionaire want to eat, only one gets food, rummaging through garbage containers, and the millionaire eats in a restaurant. The difference is that a homeless person is forced to take action to satisfy his need, and a millionaire, most likely, does not focus on food at all.

But as soon as our millionaire gets alone on a desert island, his unsatisfied need for food crawls to the fore, it will not give him peace, he will not be able to think about anything else, all other problems will fade into the background until he finds at least something - anything edible.

Security Needs- the second most important group of needs is everything that provides us with a safe life, that protects us from various threats, and relieves us of various fears. We strive for security, stability, constancy, correctness, because we want to be sure that no one and nothing threatens our life. We don’t want a brick to fall on our heads, we don’t want our plane to be hijacked by terrorists or not to land at all, we don’t want to be left without income, and we worry that we won’t be put out on the street. We need confidence that doctors really treat us, and teachers really teach our children and much, much more.

The instability of the world around us often has a very negative effect on our confidence in life and gives rise to many fears in us. Therefore, we are afraid of uncertainty and prefer stability (stagnation) to new and incomprehensible changes in life.

Love and relationships

It's a need feel love and install relationships with other people. We experience the need for love throughout our lives from the very moment of our birth. First, we need the care and love of parents, otherwise we simply will not survive in this world - we simply cannot survive alone. Then every day more and more new faces appear in our lives with whom we have some kind of relationship.

It is through contacts with these people that we get to know life, we learn that the world is different and the people in it are different. We begin to form our own attitude to this world, which is manifested in our behavior. Then a kindergarten, school, institute, work - we are already becoming part of some kind of team. And we strive to become part of this team, we do not want to be thrown out of it. Moreover, we need good relationships with other people. So in our life there are both friends and enemies, friends and just acquaintances.

And, finally, a person appears in our life who becomes dearer to us than everyone else, closer and dearer - romantic love enters our life. Every person, even if he tries to deny it, feels the need for communication, and all people strive for each other in the hope of love, respect and recognition.

Significance

It's a need feel important Every person wants to be important, necessary. It is, firstly, the need for self-respect. Of course, we want to be self-confident, we want to feel competent, to be proud of our skills and our achievements, our independence and freedom. On the other hand, the need for evaluations from others is no less important for us.

We are not indifferent to how we are evaluated, what our prestige and reputation is, whether our achievements are recognized, how we are received in society and what signs of attention are given to us. Significance is our litmus test, with which we test our goals and the correctness of their direction. Significance comes when we compare ourselves to others. We can feel important because we have achieved something, built something, succeeded in something, or conversely, we can achieve importance by destroying everything in our path and disproving someone or something.

And even our homeless person is not at all indifferent to how his “colleagues in misfortune” will react if he manages to get much more food.

Diversity

This need for curiosity, in the desire to learn and understand something new for yourself. Another aspect of this need is diversifying in my everyday life. Our life will become completely monotonous and boring if we perform the same actions every day. If we serve fried potatoes for dinner every evening, then, no matter how appetizing it may be, our family will refuse to have dinner literally on 3-4 days. This also includes the need for a periodic change of some of our activities.

If we do the same work for a long time, it turns into a routine, and we lose the desire to do it, our efficiency drops, and we switch to something more pleasant for ourselves, diversify our being. It can be a coffee break, watching some kind of television program, or maybe a vacation on the Cote d'Azur or a walk through the streets in Paris. Diversity also includes our desire to overcome obstacles and solve problems. difficult situations. We all need all of these needs to be met, but we value them differently. If for us the need for stability is more valuable, then everything in our life will obey this need. We will work in one place for many years, live in the walls dear to our hearts, we don’t change friends like gloves, we don’t change spouses, but any cardinal changes in life take us out of our comfort zone and bring heartache.

Conversely, if we value diversity more, then we will have a completely different lifestyle and different goals. We are easy-going, we change many professions, we do not like everything that binds our actions, we get tired of constant relationships, we love to travel. When, for example, in a married couple - one spouse loves stability, and the second variety, unsolvable situations will naturally arise in the family. A simple example - one wants to buy a summer house, and the other spouse becomes terribly afraid of the prospect of spending all weekends in the garden, and he will resist such an acquisition in every possible way. But discomfort can also arise within the person himself, if he simultaneously has a great need for stability, and a need for diversity. A person will not know which of the needs to satisfy in the first place, so he will stagnate.

The need for significance is also poorly compatible with the need for relationships. It is hard to love someone who constantly considers himself important. Therefore, there are many successful people who, while satisfying their need for significance, have problems in personal relationships and often feel that they themselves love insincerely and shallowly. Once we figure out what are the most important needs we are meeting, we can clearly see what needs to be changed to increase our happiness levels in our lives and feelings of satisfaction in our relationships.

Introduction

Need is defined as a state of a person created by the need for objects necessary for his existence, and acting as a source of his activity. Man is born as a human individual, as a bodily being, and organic needs are innate in him to sustain life.

A need is always a need for something, for objects or conditions necessary to maintain life. Correlating a need with its object turns the state of need into a need, and its object into an object of this need, and thereby gives rise to activity, orientation as a mental expression of this need.

Human needs can be defined as a state of dissatisfaction, or need, which he seeks to overcome. It is this state of dissatisfaction that makes a person take certain steps (to carry out production activities).

Relevance This topic is one of the most important topics in this discipline. In order to work in the service sector, you need to know the basic methods of meeting customer needs.

Purpose: is to study the methods of meeting the needs of the service sector.

Object of study: method.

Subject of study: methods of meeting the needs of the service sector

Tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the goal:

1. Consider the concept and essence of human needs

2. Consider the concept of the service sector

3. Consider the main methods of meeting human needs by the field of activity.

To research this topic, I used various sources. Thanks to the book by MP Ershov "Human Need" to the psychologist A. Maslow, the philosopher Dostoevsky, I revealed the basic definitions of need. I learned the basic methods of satisfying needs from the textbook "Man and His Needs" ed. Ogayanyana K. M. And to determine the methods for a certain character, the book “Fundamentals of General Psychology” Rubinshtein S. L. and the teaching aid Kaverin S. V. helped me.

human needs

The concept of need and their classification.

Needs are an unconscious stimulus of personality activity. It follows that need is a component of the inner spiritual world of a person, and as such exists before activity. It is a structural element of the subject of activity, but not the activity itself. This, however, does not mean that the need is separated by a Chinese wall from activity. As an incentive, it is woven into the activity itself, stimulating it until a result is obtained.

Marx defined need as the ability to consume in a system of productive activity. He wrote: "As a need, consumption itself is an internal moment of productive activity, a moment of such a process in which production is really the starting point, and therefore also the dominant moment."

The methodological significance of this thesis of Marx lies in overcoming the mechanical interpretation of the interaction between need and activity. As a residual element of naturalism in the theory of man, there is a mechanical concept, according to which an individual acts only when he is prompted by needs, when there are no needs, the individual is in an inactive state.

When needs are considered as the main cause of activity without taking into account the mediating factors that are between the need and the result of activity, without taking into account the level of development of society and a particular individual, a theoretical model of a human consumer is formed. The disadvantage of a naturalistic approach to defining human needs is that these needs are derived directly from the natural nature of man without taking into account the decisive role of the specific historical type of social relations that act as a mediating link between nature and human needs and transform these needs in accordance with the level of development of production, making them truly human needs.

A person relates to his needs through his attitude towards other people and only then acts as a person when he goes beyond the limits of his natural needs.

"Each individual as a person goes beyond the limits of his own special need," wrote Marx, and only then do they "relate to each other like people..." when "the common generic essence is recognized by all."

In M. P. Ershov's book "Human Need" (1990), without any argument, it is stated that need is the root cause of life, a property of all living things. “I call a need a specific property of living matter,” writes P. M. Ershov, “which distinguishes it, living matter, from non-living matter.” There is a touch of teleology here. You might think that cows graze in the meadow, overwhelmed by the need to give milk to children, and oats grow because horses need to be fed.

Needs - segment inner world a person, an unconscious stimulus of activity. Therefore, the need is not a structural element of the act of activity, it does not go beyond the somatic existence of a person, it refers to the characteristics of the mental world of the subject of activity.

Needs and desires are concepts of the same order, but not identical. Desires differ from needs by the lightness of their status in the spiritual world of man. they do not always coincide in the need for sustainable functioning to the vitality of the organism and human personality, and therefore belong to the realm of illusory dreams. You can, for example, wish to be forever young or be absolutely free. But one cannot live in society and be free from society.

Hegel emphasized the irreducibility of interest to gross sensuality, to the natural nature of man. "A closer examination of history convinces us that the actions of people follow from their needs, their passions, their interests ... and only they play a major role." Interest, according to Hegel, is something more than the content of intentions, goals, it is associated with the cunning of the world mind. Interest is connected with needs indirectly through the goal.

Psychologist A. N. Leontiev wrote: “... in the very need state of the subject, an object that is able to satisfy the need is not rigidly recorded. Prior to its first satisfaction, the need "does not know" its object, it must still be discovered. Only as a result of such a discovery, the need acquires its objectivity, and the perceived (imagined, conceivable) object - its motivating and guiding function, i.e. becomes a motive. St. Theophan describes the motivating side of human behavior in this way: “The course of revealing this side of the soul is as follows. There are needs in the soul and in the body, to which the needs of life, family and social, have also taken root. These needs in themselves do not give a certain desire, but only compel one to seek their satisfaction. When the satisfaction of the need in one way or another is given once, then after that, together with the awakening of the need, the desire for that which has already satisfied the need is born. Desire is always certain subject that satisfies the need. A different need was satisfied in various ways: therefore, with its awakening, different desires are born - first of this, then of a third object that can satisfy the need. In the revealed life of a person, the needs behind the desires are not visible. Only these last ones swarm in the soul and demand satisfaction, as if for themselves. // Theoretical problems personality psychology. / Ed. E. V. Shorokhova. - M.: Nauka, 1974. S. 145-169. .

Need is one of the determinants of behavior, the state of the subject (organism, personality, social group, society), due to the need he feels for something for his existence and development. Needs act as a stimulus for the activity of the subject, aimed at eliminating the discrepancy between necessity and reality.

Need as a need experienced by a person for something is a passive-active state: passive, since it expresses a person’s dependence on what he needs, and active, since it includes the desire to satisfy it and what can satisfy her.

But it is one thing to experience aspiration, and another to be aware of it. Depending on the degree of awareness, aspiration is expressed in the form of attraction or desire. Unconscious need appears first in the form of attraction. Attraction is unconscious and pointless. As long as a person only experiences attraction, not knowing what object will satisfy this attraction, he does not know what he wants, he does not have a conscious goal to which he should direct his action. The subjective experience of need must become conscious and objective - attraction must turn into desire. As the object of need is realized, turning it into a desire, a person understands what he wants. The objectification and awareness of the need, the transformation of attraction into desire are the basis for setting a conscious goal by a person and organizing activities to achieve it. The goal is the conscious image of the anticipated result, towards the achievement of which the desire of a person is directed Leontiev AN Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M.: MGU, 1975. - 28 p.

There is only one circumstance that gives rise to a "need" - this is the case when an adult refuses an event with a child, when he replaces himself, substitutes some object substitute in his place (the fundamental parental principle is therefore not accidental: "whatever the child amuses, only would not cry"). The substitute is objective only in form, its content is always another person.

It is this substitution, the alienation of an adult, that forms for the first time a specific functional organ - a “need”, which subsequently begins to live its own “life”: it determines, requires, forces a person to carry out a certain activity or behavior. G. Hegel wrote that "... we rather serve our feelings, inclinations, passions, interests, and even more habits, than we have them" Rubinshtein SL Fundamentals of General Psychology. - M., 1990. - p. 51. In psychology, there are various classifications of human needs. Founder humanistic psychology A. Maslow identifies five groups of human needs. The first group of needs - vital (biological) needs; their satisfaction is necessary for the maintenance of human life. The second group is security needs. The third group is the need for love and recognition from other people. The fourth group is the needs of self-esteem, self-esteem. The fifth group is the needs of self-actualization.

The representative of the factor concept of personality, J. Gilford, distinguishes the following types and levels of needs: 1) organic needs (for water, food, sexual desire, general activity); 2) needs related to environmental conditions (in comfort, pleasant environment); 3) needs related to work (general ambition, perseverance, etc.); 4) the needs associated with the position of the individual (the need for freedom); 5) social needs (the need for other people). Often the proposed classifications of human needs are empirical, based on common sense. This is due to the lack of a reasonable theory of the origin of human needs. Below is a hypothesis of the nature of human needs, stated in the context of content-genetic logic.

Depending on the subject of needs: individual, group, collective, social needs. Depending on the object of needs: spiritual, mental, material needs. Possible detailed descriptions the specified classes.

One of such detailed classifications is the hierarchy of individual human needs by A. Maslow (Maslow, Abraham Harold, 1908-1970, psychologist and philosopher, USA) Hekhauzen H. Motivation and activity. - M .: Pedagogy, 1986. S. 33-34 .:

(a) physical needs (for food, water, oxygen, etc.);

(b) the need to maintain its structure and function (physical and mental security);

(c) needs for affection, love, communication; needs for self-expression, self-affirmation, recognition; cognitive and aesthetic needs, the need for self-realization.

Similarly, in accordance with the tripartite structure of a person's essence (spiritual-mental-physical), all human needs (as well as any other subject of needs) can be represented as three classes:

(1) the highest, determining the results of any human behavior, spiritual needs,

(2) subordinate to the spiritual - mental needs,

(3) lower, subordinate to the spiritual and mental - physical needs).

In the chain of elements that make up any of the parts (spiritual-mental-physical) of a person, needs occupy a central position: ideals - motives - needs - behavior plans - action programs Kaverin S.V. Psychology of needs: Teaching aid, Tambov, 1996. - p. 71.

Examples of needs related to activity: the need for activity, knowledge, result (in achieving some goal), self-actualization, joining a group, success, growth, etc.

Needs - this is a necessity, the need of a person in certain conditions of life.

In the structure of needs modern man 3 main groups can be distinguished (Fig.): elementary needs, needs in general living conditions, needs in activity.

Table 1

Classification of the needs of modern man

To restore and preserve his life, a person must first of all satisfy elementary needs: the need for food, the need for clothes, shoes; housing needs.

Needs in the general conditions of life include: needs for security, needs for movement in space, needs for health, needs for education, needs for culture.

Social services that satisfy and develop the needs of this group are created in the sectors of social infrastructure (public order, public transport, health care, education, culture, etc.).

The active life (activity) of a person consists of work (labor), family and household activities and leisure. Accordingly, activity needs include the need for work, the need for family activities, and the need for leisure.

Production creates goods and services - a means of satisfying and developing human needs, increasing their well-being. In production, working, the person himself develops. Consumer goods and services directly satisfy the needs of a person, a family.

Human needs do not remain unchanged; they develop with the evolution of human civilization, and this concerns, first of all, higher needs. Sometimes there is an expression "a person with undeveloped needs." Of course, this refers to the underdevelopment of higher needs, since the need for food and drink is inherent in nature itself. Exquisite culinary and serving are likely to testify to the development of needs higher order associated with aesthetics, and not just with simple saturation of the stomach.

The definition of human nature as a set of basic human needs opens up new perspectives in its problematic analysis. Yes, and you have to start not from scratch - there are corresponding developments. Among them, the concept of the famous American social psychologist, the founder of the so-called humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow, seems to us to be the most fruitful. His classification of basic human needs will form the basis of our further analysis of human nature.

Each of the basic-general human needs considered by Maslow is a block or complex of less general, particular human needs and requests, a kind of syndrome with a mass of specific symptoms - its external, individual manifestations.

The initial basic human need, according to Maslow, is the need for life itself, that is, the totality of physiological needs - for food, breathing, clothing, housing, rest, etc. Satisfying these needs, or this basic need, strengthens and continues life , ensures the existence of the individual as a living organism, a biological being.

Social security is the next basic human need in ascending order of importance. She has a lot of symptoms. Here and concern for the guaranteed satisfaction of their physiological needs; there is also an interest in the stability of living conditions, in the strength of existing social institutions, norms and ideals of society, as well as the predictability of their changes; here and job security, confidence in the future, the desire to have a bank account, an insurance policy; here and the lack of anxiety for personal safety; and much more. One of the manifestations of this need is also the desire to have a religion or philosophy that would "bring into the system" the world and determine our place in it Godfroy J. What is psychology.: In 2 vols. - T. 1. M .: Mir, 1992 pp. 264.

The need for attachment, belonging to a team - is, according to Maslow, the third basic human need. Her manifestations are also very diverse. This is love, and sympathy, and friendship, and other forms of human closeness. This, further, is the need for simple human participation, the hope that your suffering, grief, misfortune will be shared, and also, of course, successes, joys, victories. The need for community-belonging is the reverse side of a person's openness or trust in being - both social and natural. An unmistakable indicator of the dissatisfaction of this need is a feeling of loneliness, abandonment, uselessness. Satisfying the need for affection and belonging is essential to a fulfilling human life. The absence of love and friendship is just as painful for a person as, say, a lack of vitamin C.

The need for respect and self-respect is another basic human need. The person needs it. to be valued - for example, for skill, competence, responsibility, etc., to recognize his merits, his uniqueness and irreplaceability. But recognition from others is not enough. It is important to respect yourself, to have self-esteem, to believe in your high destiny, that you are engaged in a necessary and useful business, that you occupy a worthy place in life. Respect and self-respect is also taking care of one's reputation, one's prestige. Feelings of weakness, disappointment, helplessness are the surest evidence of the dissatisfaction of this human need.

Self-realization, self-expression through creativity is the last, final, according to Maslow, basic human need. However, it is final only in terms of classification criteria. In reality, a truly human, humanistically self-sufficient development of a person begins with it. This refers to the self-assertion of a person through the realization of all his abilities and talents. A person at this level strives to become everything that he can and, according to his internal, free motivation, must become. Man's work on himself is the main mechanism for satisfying the considered need Man and his needs. Tutorial. / Ed. Oganyan K. M. St. Petersburg: SPbTIS Publishing House, 1997. - p. 70.

Why is Maslow's five term attractive? First of all, its consistency, and therefore clarity and certainty. True, it is not complete, it is not exhaustive. Suffice it to say that its author singled out other basic needs, in particular - in knowledge and understanding, as well as in beauty and aesthetic pleasure, but did not manage to fit them into his system. Apparently, the number of basic human needs may be different, most likely much larger. In Maslow's classification, in addition, a certain, namely, subordination or hierarchical logic is visible. The satisfaction of higher needs has as its premise the satisfaction of lower needs, which is quite justified and understandable. Truly human activity begins in reality only after the physiological, material needs of its bearer and subject are satisfied. What kind of dignity, respect and self-respect of a person can be discussed when he is poor, he is hungry and cold.

The concept of basic human needs, according to Maslow, does not impose any, except, perhaps, moral ones. restrictions on the variety of ways, forms and methods of their satisfaction, which is in good agreement with the absence of any fundamentally insurmountable barriers to historical development human society, with a variety of cultures and civilizations. This concept, finally, organically links the individual and generic principles of man. The needs of lack or necessity, according to Maslow, are generic (i.e., affirmed by the very fact of belonging to the human race) qualities of a person, while the needs of growth are his individual, free-willed qualities Berezhnaya N.M. Man and his needs / Ed. V.D. Didenko, SSU Service - Forum, 2001. - 160 p.

Basic human needs are objectively correlated with universal human values, witnessing the growing interest in which in modern world we are. The universal human values ​​of goodness, freedom, equality, etc. can be considered as products or results of the worldview specification of the content richness of human nature - in its, of course, normative expression. Ultimately general character basic human needs, their disposition and aspiration for the future explains such a high, ideal (from the word "ideal") status universal values. Human nature is a kind of archetype of society, community development. Moreover, society here should be understood as all of humanity, the world community. The idea of ​​an interconnected, interdependent world thus receives one more, anthropological confirmation - the unity of the basic needs of people, the single nature of man Hekhauzen H. Motivation and activity. - M.: Pedagogy, 1986. - p. 63.

The pluralism of needs is determined by the versatility of human nature, as well as the variety of conditions (natural and social) in which they manifest themselves.

The difficulty and uncertainty of identifying stable groups of needs does not stop numerous researchers from looking for the most adequate classification of needs. But the motives and grounds with which different authors approach classification are completely different. Economists have some reasons, psychologists have others, and sociologists have others. As a result, it turns out: each classification is original, but narrow-profile, unsuitable for general use. So, for example, the Polish psychologist Obukhovsky K. counted 120 classifications. How many authors, so many classifications. P. M. Ershov in his book "Human Needs" considers the most successful two classifications of needs: F. M. Dostoevsky and Hegel.

Without going into a discussion of the question why Ershov finds similarities in two completely intellectual development and the interests of people, let us briefly consider the content of these classifications as presented by P. M. Ershov.

Dostoevsky's classification:

1. The need for material goods necessary to sustain life.

2. Needs of knowledge.

3. The needs of the global unification of people.

Hegel has 4 groups: 1. Physical needs. 2. Needs of law, laws. 3. Religious needs. 4. Needs of knowledge.

The first group, according to Dostoevsky and Hegel, can be called vital needs; the third, according to Dostoevsky, and the second, according to Hegel, are social needs; the second, according to Dostoevsky, and the fourth, according to Hegel, are ideal.